Evelin Lindner's Doctoral Research in Somaliland, Kenya, Rwanda, and Burundi, 1998/1999
Evelin Lindner was in Somaliland, Kenya, Rwanda, and Burundi in the context of her research for her doctoral dissertation in social psychology titled The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 2000). Evelin did the filming.
The interviews you see further down were created in 1998 and 1999, and uploaded onto YouTube in 2012. Most of the videos are marked as "publically not accessible," which means that only people who know the URLs can see them. One of the reasons for not making these videos publically available is that Evelin was not able to get in contact and obtain the permission of every interview partner 13 or 14 years after having recorded these interviews.
Please, if you are among the people featured further down, or you know one of them, get in touch with Evelin! She will follow your preferences and will make your video either publically available, if you wish so, or leave it as it is now, so that only people who know the URL can see them, or, she can also mark your video to be "private," and in that way only she herself would have access (in that case, you would have to download the video onto your computer before she does that, so that you have your own copy on your computer, since you would no longer have access to your video on YouTube as soon as it is listed as "private").

• Evelin Lindner Receives Her Video Equipment from Lasse Moer in October 1998
Evelin Lindner received the video equipment for her 1998-1999 doctoral fieldwork in Africa from Lasse Moer at the University of Oslo, Norway, in October 1998. Evelin was given an introduction of ca. 1 hour to learn to use this equipment. She collected altogether 10 hours of video material and 100 hours of audio material in Somaliland in 1998, in Kenya, and Rwanda/Burundi in 1999, for her doctoral thesis The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted 31st October 2000, ISBN 82-569-1817-9). All videos you see further down have been produced with this equipment. A warm thanks goes to Lasse Moer, who later helped edit the film material and make an Overview over Doctoral Research. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Overview over Doctoral Research: Somalia - A Case Study: Humiliation and Coping in War (see also a MP4 version on YouTube)
Oslo: Norges Forskningsråd / Norwegian Research Council, Utenriksministeriet / The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Psykologisk institutt / Department of Psychology, Universitetet i Oslo, University of Oslo, film, 2000. Technical director Lasse Moer.
Altogether ca. 10 hours of video material and 100 hours of audio material were collected by Evelin Lindner in Somaliland in 1998, and in Kenya and Rwanda/Burundi in 1999, for her doctoral thesis The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted 31st October 2000, ISBN 82-569-1817-9). The film Somalia - A Case-Study: Humiliation and Coping in War was produced in 2000 from the material that has largely been collected in Hargeisa, capital of 'Somaliland', a self-proclaimed republic in the north of Somalia which is not recognised by the international community or by other Somali leaders. The opinions expressed in this film by informants are their own subjective perceptions, and do not necessarily reflect the author's views. I would like to thank Lasse Moer, member of the HumanDSH Global Advisory Board, for his work in helping create this film.
This film aims at giving an impression of Evelin Lindner's field work in Somaliland with a selection of local views and descriptions of occurrences of humiliation and resilience to humiliation. For resilience to humiliation, see particularly the stories of the SORRA group, whose members spent almost a decade in solitary confinement as punishment for wanting to help the hospital in Hargeisa (sharing the fate of many intellectuals around the world who are the first victims of dicators), and the experience of former first lady Edna Adan, who is now a Member of the Global Advisory Board of the Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies network that grew out of Lindner's doctoral research. Also Hassan Keynan is a Member of the HumanDHS Global Advisory Board. Hargeisa has been bombed and destroyed a decade ago by Siad Barre's army, meaning that a state has ordered its own army to eradicate parts of its population. The film shows Hargeisa and its environment as a background for interviews focusing on the dynamics of humiliation. This film touches upon many very sensitive political topics and has caused passionate anger in Somali viewers, because they disagreed with what the Somali informants say in the film. The aim of this film, however, is not to make political or ideological statements, but to shed light on subjective feelings. In the film we meet for example the SORRA group, ca. 12 intellectuals who tried to improve the health services in Hargeisa in the beginning of the nineteen eighties and were imprisoned and kept in solitary confinement for 8 years. They demonstrate how they survived psychologically by inventing the 'language through the wall'.

• Somaliland: Fadumo Ahmed Sheikh, Chairperson of NOW, in Hargeisa on 11th November 1998
This video was created on 11th November 1998 at Hargeisa Club in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Fadumo Ahmed Sheikh, the Chairperson of National Organisation for Woman and Children Development NOW, explains the situation of Somaliland.
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somaliland: The Streets of Hargeisa in November and December 1998
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somaliland and Its "Interior" on 21st November 1998
This video was created on 21st November 1998 in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somaliland: Ali Jirdeh from the Red Crescent in Hargeisa on 23rd November 1998
This video was created on 23rd November 1998 in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The elder Ali Jirdeh from the Red Crescent in Hargeisa explains the situation of Somalia. Sadly, Ali Jirdeh passed away ten years later, on 9th October 2008.
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somaliland: Gynecologist Dr. Ismail in Hargeisa on 25th November 1998
This video was created on 25th November 1998 in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Dr. Ismail explains the situation of Somaliland.
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somaliland: Sheikh Ibrahim, the "King of Somaliland," in Hargeisa on 26th November 1998
This video was created on 26th November 1998 in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Sheikh Ibrahim, the "King of Somaliland," both the highest Mullah and Elder, the Head of the Guurti (Guurti council of Elders), explains the situation of Somaliland. Omar Awaleh translates.
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somaliland: Dr. Gaboose on the Humiliation of Dictatorship and the Global Village in Hargeisa on 30th November 1998
This video was created on 30th November 1998 in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Dr. Mohamed Abdi "Gaboose" or "Gabose" was the former personal physician of late dictator Siad Barre. He explains how difficult this situation was. The dictator would not listen but rather would develop "a deaf ear" and, finally, Dr. Gaboose even had to flee the country. Dr. Gaboose explains what kind of personality Siad Barre was, how intelligent he was at first, but how he then became ever more destructive, "beginning a war here and there"... "identifying scapegoats".... and so forth. Dr. Gaboose concludes by speaking about the global village and its responsibilities.
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somaliland: The SORRA Group and "The Alphabet Through the Wall," Hargeisa, 1st December 1998
This video was created on 1st December 1998 in Hargeisa, Somaliland, with members of The Somaliland Relief and Rehabilitation Association (SORRA). The SORRA group was founded in the beginning of the 1980s as a group of doctors, teachers and engeneers, who tried to improve the health services in Hargeisa. Dictator Siad Barre imprisoned them and kept in solitary confinement for almost a decade. Dr. Osman Abdi Maygag, Mohamed Barud Ali (or Barood), Dr. Abdillahi Ali Yussuf (Olad), and Ahmed Mohamed Mader (from left to right) explain how the group developed and used the "alphabet through the wall" to communicate with their fellow prisoners and thus decrease the suffering from their solitary confinement.
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.
Please see the book The Mourning Tree: An Autobiography and an Prison Memoir, by Mohamed Barud Ali.
Read also an Interview with Barud in the HRLC Summer 2010 Newsletter of The Human Rights Law Centre of the University of Nottingham, UK:
Mohamed Barud Ali, attended the Chevening Fellowship course at the University of Nottingham on 'Implementing Human Rights Conventions' organized by the Human Rights Law Centre from January to April 2010. A Somali national, Barud studied in England where he obtained a degree in Geography and Chemistry in 1977. After his studies he returned to Somaliland in 1978 during the rule of President Siyad Barre where he became involved in what would become a long standing commitment to national activism. On his return, he joined a voluntary community initiative, the Hargeisa Self-help group, to stem the mismanagement of the Hargeisa Group Hospital and improve the state of streets. These activities resulted in the arrest of Barud on the grounds that his actions would emphasize the inadequacies of the Barre regime. After an unfair trial Barud was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1982 where he was tortured and subjected to inhumane conditions during his incarceration. Following continued national and international campaigns Barud was granted a presidential pardon and released from prison in March 1989. Fears that he would be arrested on the slightest pretence resulted in him fleeing the country and living as a refugee in the United States and then in Germany. Barud returned to Somaliland in 1993 where he became involved in politics, first becoming a parliamentarian and then Minister for Rehabilitation, Resettlement and Reconstruction. Since his release from prison, Barud has been a champion for the rehabilitation of Somaliland, first through SORRA, an NGO working with displaced Somalis and then as founder member and director of a new umbrella organisation, Samo Tallis, whose activities focus mainly on human rights education. He recently wrote a book about his experiences in prison entitled 'The Mourning Tree' which was launched on 20 February 2010 to commemorate the student protests that took place 28 years ago in Hargeisa demanding justice and the release of members of the Hargeisa Self-help group, known locally as the UFFO.

• Somaliland: School Teacher Ahmed Mohamed Mader, The Somaliland Relief and Rehabilitation Association (SORRA), in Hargeisa on 1st December 1998
This video was created on 1st December 1998 in Hargeisa, Somaliland, with members of The Somaliland Relief and Rehabilitation Association (SORRA). The SORRA group was founded in the beginning of the 1980s as a group of doctors, teachers and engeneers, who tried to improve the health services in Hargeisa. Dictator Siad Barre imprisoned them and kept in solitary confinement for almost a decade. Ahmed Mohamed Mader is a school teacher who was among the prisoners.
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somaliland: Dr. Maygag, The Somaliland Relief and Rehabilitation Association (SORRA), in Hargeisa on 1st December 1998
This video was created on 1st December 1998 in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The SORRA group was a group of doctors, teachers and engeneers, who tried to improve the health services in Hargeisa in the beginning of the nineteen eighties. This was the reason for why dictator Siad Barre imprisoned them and kept in solitary confinement for almost a decade. Dr. Osman Abdi Maygag is a medical doctor who was among the prisoners.
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somaliland: Edna Adan Ismail in Hargeisa on 3rd December 1998
This video was created on 3rd December 1998 in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Evelin Lindner was in Hargeisa in the context of her research for her doctoral dissertation in social psychology titled The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.
Edna Adan Ismail, the former first lady of Somalia defines humiliation as follows in this video: " I think humiliation is a very difficult thing to describe. But I think humiliation is when someone tries to bring someone down to their level. They think that you are above them and they want to hurt you, humiliate you, bring you down to their level, so that you have no more self-respect, so that you lose the respect you have for yourself and others lose the respect they have for you."
She recounts: "Once they said I was planning to escape from the country, and I spent six days in jail for that. For the first, why didn't they wait until I tried to escape, why arrest me from my house! They put me in a cell of my own, but I didn't have a toilet. And right in front of the place where they put me, there was a toilet, and it had no doors. And there was the cell next to me, it was full of men, of criminals, of thieves, I don't know, just men, men all behind the bars. And, so I called out, and I said, - you know, - 'I, - I, - I need to go and use the bathroom!' And that is after I had been the first lady of the country! And they said: 'Well, you want to use the bathroom? There is the bathroom! You use everybody's bathroom! There! You are not better than the others! There is the bathroom they use!' And I thought - how can I use the bathroom with no doors facing a cell full of men! Full of criminals and people who, - you know, - and I just came out of my cell and I just looked at those men, and I said: 'Listen. I am going to use this bathroom. And, would you be watching your mother or your sister if she was using a toilet and she had no door, - is this the kind of men you are that you would watch a woman using a bathroom?' And they said, 'No.' And the first one said 'turn around,' and they made everyone turn the other way, until I finished using the bathroom. And that was one of the most emotional moments of my time. And the police was so shocked, because they couldn't get their objective, they couldn't get me to be humiliated and using a bathroom with all these men watching and shouting at me. So, this is another form of resistance, and resisting humiliation! Does humiliation lead to war? I would answer that question by saying, 'Yes, it does!' You can push human beings too far, just far enough until they turn back and say 'Hei, wait a minute, enough is enough.' And then they begin to resist with violence, with strength, with force, with whatever way they know. And, I think a good example of resisting humiliation through war is what has happened to our country, the people of Somaliland."
The former first lady of Somalia, Edna Adan, also says: "I hope you have strong cupboards to put your conscience into! Where are all the weapons produced which kill innocent people?"

• Somaliland: Engineer Hussein Abdirahman in Hargeisa on 10th December 1998
In this video, engineer Hussein Abdirahman explains the plight of Somaliland (he is in charge of a shoe factory). The video was recorded on 10th December 1998 in the Horn of Africa College in Hargeisa, Somaliland, kindly arranged for by its director Dr. Ahmed Al-Azhari.
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somaliland: The Researchers' House in Hargeisa on 10th December 1998
This video was created on 10th December 1998 in Hargeisa, Somaliland. It was recorded as part of the research conducted by two researchers from the University of Oslo, Stig Jarle Hansen, and Evelin Lindner. It shows the house that was provided to the researchers for the period of their stay in Hargeisa, together with a translator Mohammed, driver Abdullahi, and two armed guards. The translator kindly explains the details of the house and its surroundings.
Please see Lindner's doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Stig Jarle Hansen was filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somaliland: Evelin Lindner in Hargeisa on 10th December 1998
Norsk: Denne videoen ble laget den 10. desember 1998 i Hargeisa, Somaliland. Den ble spilt inn som en del av doktorgradsfeltarbeidet utført av Evelin Lindner. I denne videoen viser hun den Somaliske kjolen og skauten hun kjøpte den dagen hun kom til Somaliland. Videoen er registrert nær inngangsdøren til huset som ble gitt til forskerne Evelin Lindner og Stig Jarle Hansen for perioden av deres opphold i Hargeisa, sammen med en oversetter, en sjåfør, og vaktere. Stig Jarle Hansen er den som filmer. Videoen er ubehandlet.
English: This video was created on 10th December 1998 in Hargeisa, Somaliland. It was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. In this video, she shows the Somalia dress and headscarf that she bought the day she arrived. The video is recorded near the front door of the house that was provided to the researchers Evelin Lindner og Stig Jarle Hansen for the period of their stay in Hargeisa, together with a translator, a driver, and guards.
Please see Lindner's doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Stig Jarle Hansen was filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somalia: Hebrew Sultan Ahmed Jama Hersi from the Hebrew Clan, with Translator Yassin Hersi Yama in Nairobi, Kenya, 31st December 1998
This video was created on 31st December 1999 in Nairoby, Kenya, in the home of Yassin Hersi Yama. Sultan Ahmed Jama Hersi from the Hebrew Clan explains the continuous humiliation that outcast clans suffer in Somali society. Yassin Hersi Yama translates and explains.
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somalia: Abdi Willi Awale in Nairobi, Kenya, on 3rd January 1999
This video was created on 3rd January 1999 in Nairoby, Kenya. Abdi Willi Awale was part of the National Security Service (NSS) of the regime of Siad Barre. This video sheds light on the discussion of who is the perpetrator and who is the victim, and demonstrates how people tend to identify with the victim role.
The video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somalia: Marian Farah Awale in Nairobi, Kenya, on 3rd January 1999
This video was created on 3rd January 1999 in Nairoby, Kenya. It was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somalia: Ola Skuterud, Internasjonale Røde Kors og Røde Halvmåne, Nairobi, 4. januar 1999 / Ola Skuterud, International Red Cross and Red Crescent, Nairobi, 4th January 1999 (Norsk/Norwegian)
Denne videoen ble spilt inn i Nairobi, Kenya, 4. januar 1999. Evelin Lindner var i Nairobi i sammenheng med forskningen for hennes doktoravhandling i sosialpsykologi, The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, Psykologisk institutt, 2000). Evelin filmet. Videoen er ubehandlet. Intervjuet foregikk på norsk. I denne videoen, Ola Skuterud viser hans ekstraordinære innsikt i kompleksiteten av mennesker fra vesten som går inn i områder av lidelse for å bringe hjelp, og hvor kontraproduktiv noen av forholdene kan være som omgir denne hjelpen, selv om hjelperne er bare velmenende.
Evelin Lindners kommentar: "Ola Skuterud er blant de mest modige personene jeg noensinne har møtt, med en uovertruffen integritet. Han var min vert i Nairobi, hvor han var leder for Det Internasjonale Forbundet av Røde Kors og Røde Halvmåne Somalia Delegasjon og stedlig representant for Norsk Røde Kors. Senere ble han Federation representant for Det Internasjonale Forbundet av Røde Kors-og Røde Halvmåneforeninger i Palestina. Han valgte å vente i timevis i køen for palestinerne på sjekkpunktene snarere enn å ta den priviligerte raske ruten for ikke-palestinere, og dette er illustrerende for hele hans integritet! "
English: This video was recorded in Nairobi, Kenya, in January 1999. Evelin Lindner was in Nairobi in the context of her research for her doctoral dissertation in social psychology titled The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited. The interview was conducted in Norwegian. In this video, Ola Skuterud shares his extraordinary insight into the complexities of people from the West going into areas of suffering to bring help, and how counterproductive some of the conditions may be that surround this help, even if the helpers are thoroughly well-intentioned.
Evelin Lindner's comment: "Ola Skuterud is among the most courageous persons I ever met, with an unparalleled integrity. He was my host in Nairobi, where he was Head of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Somalia Delegation and Resident Representative of the Norwegian Red Cross. Later he became the Federation Representative of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in Palestine. He would choose to wait for hours in the queue for Palestinians at checkpoints rather than take the privileged quick route for non-Palestinians, and this is emblematic for all of his integrity!"

• Somalia: Ambassador Hussein Ali Dualeh in Nairobi, Kenya, on 9th January 1999
This video was created on 9th January 1999 in the Serena Hotel in Nairoby, Kenya. Ambassador Hussein Ali Dualeh talks about the United Nations and the need to include the educated elite of Somalia into strategies for peace.
The video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somalia: Matt Bryden in Nairobi, Kenya, on 15th January 1999
This video was created on 15th January 1999 in Nairoby, Kenya. Matt Bryden, in his capacity of being the regional coordinator of War-torn Societies Project, Somalia Country Project, UNRISD / PSIS, explains the intricate and multi-layered situation of Somalia. The interview took place in the Kenya coordinating office of the War-torn Societies Project, Somalia Country Project, in Rhapta Road 99, Westlands, Nairobi (regional offices in Boosaaso, Gaalkacyo, and Garoowe).
The video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Burundi: Bujumbura Youth, 12th February 1999
This video was created on 12th February 1999, in Burundi, Africa, close to the capital Bujumbura. Stephen V. Gerardo in his capacity as the Representant Resident of the Reconciliation Programme Dutch Relief & Rehabilitation Agency (DRA), had organised a youth camp with 300 youths, all profoundly affected and traumatized by the violence in their social environments.
The video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Burundi: Stephen Gerardo, Dutch Relief & Rehabilitation Agency, in Bujumbura, Burundi, on 20th February 1999
This video was created on 20th February 1999, in Burundi's capital Bujumbura, with Stephen V. Gerardo, the Representant Resident of the Reconciliation Programme Dutch Relief & Rehabilitation Agency (DRA). The video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Rwanda: Mary Balikungeri in Kigali on 25th February 1999
This video was created on 25th February 1999, in Rwanda's capital Kigali, with Mary Balikungeri, the Programme Coordinator of the Rwandan Women Community Development Network, Rwandan Women Net for Economic Justice. The video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Rwanda: UNDP Field Trip on 4th February 1999
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. It was a privilege to be invited to the UNDP field trip to the north of Rwanda on 4th February 1999, together with the Programme Coordinator of the Rwandan Women Community Development Network, Mary Balikungeri, and with Henri Francois Morand of the Swiss Embassy.
Please see Lindner's doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Rwanda: Médecins sans Frontières in Kigali in February 1999
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. The Médecins sans Frontières Team in Kigali kindly alllowed me to share their home and learn from their experience. Please see Lindner's doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Burundi: Conference Internationale sur le Rôle de l'Éducation dans la Promotion d'une Culture de Convivialité et d'Édification des Communautés, Bujumbura, 23-26 Février 1999
This video was created in the capital of Burundi, Bujumbura, during the "Conference Internationale sur le Rôle de l'Éducation dans la Promotion d'une Culture de Convivialité et d'Édification des Communautés, 23-26 Février 1999," Ministère de l'Education Nationale.
This video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). See Evelin Lindner's contribution to the conference titled Humiliation Dynamics and Humiliation Entrepreneurship - The Dyad of Slave and Master. Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.

• Somalia: Hassan Abdi Keynan in Oslo, Norway, on 25th November 1999
This video was created on 25th November 1999 in Oslo, Norway. Hassan Abdi Keynan was the Secretary General of the Somali National Commission for UNESCO from 1985 - 1988, before he left Somalia. He later became a member in the Global Advisory Board of the Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies network.
The video was recorded as part of the doctoral field work conducted by Evelin Lindner. Please see her doctoral dissertation online on Evelin's publications page. The title is The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda / Burundi, and Hitler's Germany (Oslo: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, submitted on 31st October 2000). Evelin did the filming. Please be aware that this video is unedited.