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6.5481 0 TD
[(Humanities)-149(Index,)-149(Sociofile:)-149(Hazing,)]TJ
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1.5 -1.25 TD
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/F1 1 Tf
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/F2 1 Tf
39.0007 0 TD
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16.9995 0 TD
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1.5 -1.25 TD
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T*
[(distinction)-287.5(in)-287.4(the)-287.5(schools)-287.4(of)-287.4(arts)-287.4(and)-287.4(vocations].)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
19.66 0 TD
[(Actes)-287.5(de)-287.4(la)-287.4(Recherche)-287.5(en)-287.4(Sciences)-287.5(Sociales,)-287.5(60,)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
-19.66 -1.25 TD
(5767.)Tj
-1.5 -1.25 TD
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1.5 -1.25 TD
(military].)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
3.9559 0 TD
[(Sociologia,)-205.8(24,)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
6.1897 0 TD
[(145152.)-205.7(\(From)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
6.6616 0 TD
[(Humanities)-205.7(Index,)-205.8(Sociofile:Hazing,)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
14.6717 0 TD
[(1997,)-205.8(Abstract)-205.8(No.)]TJ
-31.4789 -1.25 TD
(930226\))Tj
/F3 1 Tf
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(36)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
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0 -1.2 TD
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T*
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-1.2 -1.2 TD
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
(intelligence.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(2.)-500(Bullying)-220.8(is)-220.7(a)-220.7(function)-220.8(of)-220.7(familiarity,)-220.9(requiring)-220.8(that)-220.7(some)-220.7(or)-220.7(all)-220.7(of)-220.7(the)-220.7(people)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(involved)-253.7(be)-253.6(familiar)-253.7(with)-253.6(each)-253.6(other.)-253.7(This)-253.6(would)-253.7(tend)-253.6(to)-253.6(argue)-253.7(against)-253.7(biological)]TJ
T*
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T*
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T*
[(chael,)-238.9(1996\).)-239(More)-238.9(plausible)-238.9(is)-238.8(the)-238.8(explanation)-239(that)-238.9(bullying)-238.9(requires)-238.9(the)-238.8(creation)]TJ
T*
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T*
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T*
(Lagerspetz, Bjorkqvist, Osterman, & Kaukiainen 1996\).)Tj
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[(3.)-500(Bullying)-303.5(is)-303.4(essentially)-303.5(a)-303.4(cognitive)-303.5(phenomenon,)-303.6(as)-303.4(shown)-303.5(by)-303.4(the)-303.4(findings)]TJ
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T*
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T*
[(argument)-217.9(that)-217.8(bullying)-217.9(entails)-217.8(gradual)-217.9(collective)-217.9(cognitive)-217.9(changes)-217.9(in)-217.8(perceptions)]TJ
T*
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0 -2.4 TD
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32.0669 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
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[(tional)-356.8(armies)-356.9(and)-356.8(comparatively)-357(across)-356.9(national)-356.9(armies.)-356.9(The)-356.8(interventions)-357(pro)]TJ
32.0669 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2003 TD
[(posed)-154.2(here,)-154.2(if)-154.1(implemented,)-154.3(would)-154.2(require)-154.2(control)-154.2(groups)-154.2(to)-154.1(evaluate)-154.2(effectiveness.)]TJ
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32.0668 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2003 TD
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30.0671 0 TD
(bully)Tj
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(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2004 TD
(ing)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.5078 0 TD
(and)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.6739 0 TD
(hazing)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
2.8969 0 TD
[(as)-229.8(well)-229.9(as)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.0775 0 TD
[(sexual)-229.9(harassment)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
7.6257 0 TD
(and)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.6738 0 TD
(racism,)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.2019 0 TD
[(for)-229.9(soldiers,)-230(officers,)-230(the)]TJ
-22.6575 -1.2 TD
[(public,)-375.1(and)-375(social)-375.1(scientists.)-375.1(Definitions)-375.2(of)-375(these)-375(phenomena)-375.2(should)-375.1(not)-375(be)-375(ex)]TJ
T*
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7.9998 0 0 7.9998 112.2585 590.5001 Tm
(BULLYING AND HAZING AMONG NORWEGIAN ARMY SOLDIERS)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 370.8796 590.5001 Tm
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[(constitute)-291.6(bullying,)-291.7(where)-291.6(it)-291.5(is)-291.5(likely)-291.6(to)-291.5(occur,)-291.6(who)-291.6(is)-291.5(likely)-291.6(to)-291.5(be)-291.5(the)-291.5(bully,)-291.6(and)]TJ
T*
[(how)-300(bullying)-300(differs)-300(from)-300(hazing.)-300(They)-300(can)-299.9(also)-299.9(be)-299.9(told)-299.9(that)-299.9(approximately)-300.1(one)]TJ
T*
[(third)-199(of)-199(all)-198.9(soldiers)-199(have)-199(been)-199(bullied)-199(earlier)-199(in)-198.9(life)-199(and)-199(that)-199(it)-198.9(was)-199(not)-199(their)-199(person)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1997 TD
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0 -1.2 TD
[(though)-245.7(we)-245.7(all)-245.6(have)-245.7(a)-245.6(natural)-245.7(bias)-245.7(to)-245.6(think)-245.7(that)-245.7(that)-245.7(is)-245.6(true.)-245.7(Soldiers)-245.8(should)-245.7(also)-245.7(be)]TJ
T*
[(warned)-175.1(about)-175.1(tendencies)-175.1(to)-175(rationalize)-175.1(bullying)-175.1(as)-175(hazing)-175.1(and)-175(to)-175(blame)-175.1(the)-175(victim.)]TJ
1.2 -1.2 TD
(6.)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.25 0 TD
[(Instruct)-266.2(officers)-266.2(about)-266.2(bullying:)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
13.0646 0 TD
[(It)-266.1(is)-266.1(important)-266.3(that)-266.1(administrative)-266.3(authori)]TJ
16.5524 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1998 TD
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0 -1.2 TD
[(Officers)-221.5(should)-221.4(be)-221.3(instructed)-221.4(on)-221.3(the)-221.3(negative)-221.4(effects)-221.4(of)-221.3(bullying)-221.4(on)-221.3(the)-221.3(victim,)-221.4(the)]TJ
T*
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T*
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T*
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1.2 -1.2 TD
(7.)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.25 0 TD
[(Regulate)-243.4(hazing:)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
7.0416 0 TD
[(Hazing)-243.4(is)-243.3(a)-243.3(very)-243.3(common,)-243.4(if)-243.3(not)-243.3(universal)-243.4(and)-243.3(inevitable,)]TJ
-9.4916 -1.2 TD
[(behavior)-177(in)-176.8(institutions)-177(like)-176.8(the)-176.8(Army.)-177(However,)-177(hazing)-176.9(and)-176.9(bullying)-176.9(should)-176.9(not)-176.9(be)]TJ
T*
[(confused)-221.5(with)-221.4(one)-221.4(another)-221.5(even)-221.4(though)-221.5(that)-221.4(is)-221.4(easy)-221.4(to)-221.4(do.)-221.4(The)-221.4(Norwegian)-221.6(Armys)]TJ
T*
[(new)-215.7(unit)-215.7(replacement)-215.8(practice,)-215.8(like)-215.7(the)-215.7(U.S.)-215.8(Armys)-215.7(earlier)-215.8(COHORT)-215.9(experiment)]TJ
T*
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T*
[(were)-329.2(expected,)-329.2(possibly)-329.2(because)-329.2(policy)-329.2(planners)-329.2(confused)-329.2(bullying)-329.2(and)-329.1(hazing.)]TJ
T*
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T*
[(segregated)-193.4(from)-193.3(senior)-193.4(soldiers)-193.4(presumes)-193.4(that)-193.3(hazing)-193.3(by)-193.3(senior)-193.4(soldiers)-193.4(is)-193.3(bullying)]TJ
T*
[(and)-247.4(is)-247.3(the)-247.3(cause)-247.4(of)-247.4(poor)-247.4(cohesion.)-247.5(This)-247.4(overlooks)-247.5(not)-247.4(only)-247.4(the)-247.3(value)-247.4(of)-247.4(the)-247.3(senior)]TJ
T*
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T*
(hazing is sharply differentiated from bullying.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
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-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(resistant)-325.4(to)-325.3(efforts)-325.4(to)-325.3(ban)-325.3(it)-325.2(\(Anderson)-325.5(&)-325.2(Noesjirwan,)-325.5(1980;)-325.3(Baier)-325.3(&)-325.2(Williams,)]TJ
T*
[(1983;)-403(Cuche,)-403(1985;)-403(Lenny,)-403(1949\),)-403(especially)-403(by)-402.9(top-down)-403(directives)-403(\(Brown,)]TJ
T*
[(1976\).)-202(If)-201.9(the)-201.9(rituals)-202(of)-201.9(basic)-201.9(trainingfor)-202.1(example,)-202(shaved)-202(headsare)-202(considered)]TJ
T*
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T*
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32.0667 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0667 -1.2002 TD
[(ferentiate)-357.7(it)-357.6(from)-357.7(bullying)-357.7(and)-357.7(thereby)-357.7(reduce)-357.7(the)-357.6(prevalence)-357.8(of)-357.7(bullying.)-357.8(This)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(would)-204.5(require)-204.5(specifying)-204.5(the)-204.4(veteran)-204.5(cohort)-204.5(who)-204.4(will)-204.4(do)-204.4(the)-204.4(hazing,)-204.5(the)-204.4(recruit)-204.5(co)]TJ
32.067 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2002 TD
[(hort)-201.2(who)-201.2(will)-201.2(be)-201.1(hazed,)-201.2(the)-201.1(acts)-201.1(of)-201.2(hazing)-201.2(that)-201.2(will)-201.2(be)-201.1(allowed,)-201.3(the)-201.1(locations)-201.2(where)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(hazing)-311.8(will)-311.8(occur,)-311.8(the)-311.7(duration)-311.9(of)-311.8(hazing,)-311.8(and)-311.8(the)-311.7(ceremony)-311.9(or)-311.8(celebration)-311.9(wel)]TJ
32.0667 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0667 -1.2003 TD
[(coming)-208.4(the)-208.3(recruits)-208.4(into)-208.3(full)-208.3(membership)-208.5(in)-208.3(the)-208.3(unit.)-208.4(Acts)-208.3(of)-208.3(hazing)-208.4(should)-208.4(always)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(be)-332.4(directed)-332.5(against)-332.5(groups)-332.5(of)-332.5(recruits)-332.5(and)-332.5(never)-332.5(at)-332.4(isolated)-332.5(individuals.)-332.6(Acts)-332.5(of)]TJ
T*
[(hazing)-344.1(should)-344.1(be)-344(restricted)-344.1(to)-344(activities)-344.1(that)-344(serve)-344(the)-344(Armys)-344(and)-344(the)-344(recruits)]TJ
T*
[(long-term)-232.2(interests,)-232.2(especially)-232.2(anything)-232.2(that)-232.1(orients)-232.2(the)-232.1(recruits)-232.2(to)-232.1(understand)-232.3(and)]TJ
T*
[(move)-178.3(within)-178.4(their)-178.3(new)-178.3(physical)-178.4(and)-178.3(social)-178.3(field)-178.3(\(Lewin,)-178.4(1951/1997a\).)-178.5(For)-178.3(exam)]TJ
32.067 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2004 TD
[(ple,)-289.6(hazing)-289.6(might)-289.6(be)-289.5(restricted)-289.7(to)-289.5(the)-289.5(dining)-289.6(room)-289.6(and)-289.6(might)-289.6(include)-289.6(making)-289.6(re)]TJ
32.0669 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2004 TD
[(cruits)-330.4(recite)-330.4(their)-330.4(chain)-330.4(of)-330.4(command,)-330.6(name)-330.4(all)-330.4(of)-330.4(their)-330.4(barrack)-330.5(mates,)-330.5(sing)-330.4(unit)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(songs,)-307(or)-306.9(answer)-307(questions)-307(about)-307(unit)-306.9(history.)-307(Formalizing)-307.1(hazing)-307(would)-307(essen)]TJ
32.0669 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
-32.0669 52.2497 TD
(34)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 77.1202 590.5001 Tm
(STVIK AND RUDMIN)Tj
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0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(tive)-263.9(intelligence)-264(and)-263.9(abilities.)-264(Even)-264(dismissing)-264.1(low)-263.9(IQ)-263.9(recruits,)-264.1(there)-264(will)-264(always)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(be)-198(individuals)-198.2(at)-198(the)-198(low)-198(end.)-198.1(Approximately)-198.2(4%)-198(of)-198(the)-198(witnesses)-198(explanations)-198.2(of)]TJ
T*
[(bullying)-248.8(mentioned)-248.8(incompetence)-248.8(and)-248.7(low)-248.7(intelligence,)-248.8(for)-248.7(example,)-248.8(bullied)-248.7(for)]TJ
T*
[(so)-235(many)-235.1(dumb)-235.1(mistakes)-235.1(while)-235.1(on)-235(duty.)-235.1(This)-235.1(accords)-235.1(with)-235(Olweuss)-235(\(1973\))-235.1(find)]TJ
32.067 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1997 TD
[(ings)-265.2(in)-265.2(school)-265.2(systems.)-265.3(However,)-265.4(incompetence)-265.3(is)-265.2(relative)-265.2(to)-265.2(the)-265.2(demands)-265.3(of)-265.2(the)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(tasks)-378.5(that)-378.5(the)-378.5(soldiers)-378.6(are)-378.5(assigned)-378.6(to)-378.5(perform.)-378.7(Assigning)-378.6(soldiers)-378.6(to)-378.5(tasks)-378.5(for)]TJ
T*
[(which)-258.2(they)-258.1(are)-258.1(demonstrably)-258.3(incompetent)-258.3(impairs)-258.2(their)-258.2(units)-258.1(performance,)-258.3(frus)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1997 TD
[(trates)-208.5(comrades)-208.6(doing)-208.5(related)-208.5(duties,)-208.6(and)-208.5(thus)-208.5(increases)-208.6(the)-208.5(likelihood)-208.6(of)-208.5(bullying.)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(Therefore,)-298.9(bullying)-298.8(could)-298.8(result)-298.8(from)-298.8(the)-298.7(Armys)-298.7(own)-298.8(administrative)-298.9(failings)-298.8(to)]TJ
T*
(assess abilities, assign appropriate tasks, and effectively train individual soldiers.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
(3)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1 0 TD
[(Make)-292.8(systematic)-292.8(use)-292.7(of)-292.7(superordinate)-292.9(goals:)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
18.3654 0 TD
[(A)-292.7(task)-292.7(that)-292.7(benefits)-292.8(everyone)]TJ
-20.5654 -1.2 TD
[(and)-183.2(requires)-183.3(group)-183.3(coherence)-183.3(if)-183.2(it)-183.2(is)-183.2(to)-183.2(be)-183.2(achieved)-183.3(tends)-183.3(to)-183.2(cause)-183.2(positive)-183.3(attitudes)]TJ
T*
[(among)-276.6(everyone)-276.7(involved,)-276.7(thus)-276.6(increasing)-276.7(group)-276.7(solidarity)-276.7(and)-276.6(decreasing)-276.7(inter)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1999 TD
[(personal)-310(conflict)-310(\(Sherif)-310(&)-309.9(Sherif,)-310(1969\).)-310(Such)-310(tasks)-309.9(entail)-309.9(superordinate)-310.1(goals.)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(The)-368.3(fact)-368.3(that)-368.3(bullying)-368.4(occurs)-368.4(during)-368.4(field)-368.3(maneuvers)-368.4(shows)-368.4(that)-368.3(superordinate)]TJ
T*
[(goals)-552.4(in)-552.3(that)-552.4(setting)-552.4(are)-552.4(not)-552.4(effective)-552.4(in)-552.3(creating)-552.4(group)-552.4(cohesion.)-552.5(In)-552.4(fact,)]TJ
T*
[(Deschamps)-252.1(and)-251.9(Brown)-252(\(1983\))-252(argued)-252(that)-251.9(superordinate)-252.1(goals)-251.9(are)-251.9(most)-251.9(effective)]TJ
T*
[(when)-210.4(participants)-210.5(enjoy)-210.4(distinctive)-210.5(and)-210.4(noncomparable)-210.6(roles.)-210.5(Thus,)-210.5(superordinate)]TJ
T*
[(goals)-253.7(might)-253.7(become)-253.7(more)-253.7(effective)-253.7(for)-253.7(the)-253.6(Army)-253.7(if)-253.6(\(a\))-253.7(each)-253.6(soldiers)-253.6(unique)-253.7(role)]TJ
T*
[(was)-177.1(emphasized;)-177.2(and)-177.1(\(b\))-177.1(superordinate)-177.3(goals)-177.1(were)-177.2(less)-177.1(episodic,)-177.2(that)-177.1(is,)-177.1(not)-177.1(limited)]TJ
T*
[(to)-270.5(field)-270.6(maneuvers.)-270.7(The)-270.6(first)-270.6(point)-270.6(would)-270.6(be)-270.5(a)-270.5(matter)-270.6(of)-270.6(unit)-270.6(leadership,)-270.7(whereas)]TJ
T*
[(the)-264(second)-264.1(point)-264.1(might)-264.1(be)-264(achieved,)-264.1(for)-264.1(example,)-264.1(by)-264(emphasizing)-264.2(the)-264(continuing)]TJ
T*
[(superordinate)-265.8(goals)-265.6(of)-265.6(organizational)-265.8(effectiveness)-265.8(and)-265.6(of)-265.6(nation)-265.6(building.)-265.7(In)-265.6(the)]TJ
T*
[(case)-213.7(of)-213.7(effectiveness,)-213.9(the)-213.7(presentation)-213.8(to)-213.7(the)-213.7(troops)-213.8(would)-213.7(be)-213.7(that)-213.7(we)-213.7(have)-213.7(an)-213.7(im-)]TJ
T*
[(portant)-212(job)-211.9(to)-211.9(do)-212(and)-212(that)-212(bullying)-212(damages)-212(morale,)-212(making)-212(everyones)-211.9(job)-211.9(more)]TJ
T*
[(difficult.)-279.1(In)-278.9(the)-278.9(case)-278.9(of)-278.9(nation)-279(building,)-279.1(the)-278.9(presentation)-279.1(would)-279(be)-278.9(that)-278.9(the)-278.9(Army)]TJ
T*
(serves to unify the nation and that bullying is divisive and unpatriotic.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
(4.)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.25 0 TD
[(Give)-190.5(more)-190.6(care)-190.5(to)-190.5(the)-190.5(design)-190.6(and)-190.5(management)-190.7(of)-190.5(barracks:)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
23.5121 0 TD
[(Most)-190.6(bullying)-190.6(is)]TJ
-25.9621 -1.2 TD
[(done)-229.2(in)-229.1(the)-229.1(barracks,)-229.3(commonly)-229.2(by)-229.1(roommates.)-229.3(Eliminating)-229.3(bullying)-229.2(there)-229.2(would)]TJ
T*
[(reduce)-188.5(the)-188.4(overall)-188.5(prevalence)-188.5(rate)-188.4(in)-188.4(the)-188.4(Army)-188.5(by)-188.4(50%)-188.5(or)-188.4(more.)-188.5(The)-188.4(quality)-188.5(of)-188.4(bar)]TJ
32.0669 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2002 TD
[(rack)-221(life)-221(might)-221.1(be)-221(enhanced)-221.1(by)-221(better)-221.1(administrative)-221.2(supervision,)-221.2(including)-221.1(desig)]TJ
32.0668 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2002 TD
[(nated)-665.2(leadership)-665.3(responsibilities)-665.3(by)-665.1(barrack)-665.2(residents,)-665.3(by)-665.1(routine)-665.2(training)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(programs)-486.5(on)-486.3(roommate)-486.5(conflict)-486.4(resolution)-486.5(\(Hardy,)-486.5(Orzek,)-486.4(&)-486.3(Heistad,)-486.4(1984;)]TJ
T*
[(Waldo,)-246.8(1984\),)-246.8(and)-246.7(by)-246.7(restructuring)-246.9(barracks)-246.8(into)-246.7(double)-246.7(or)-246.7(single)-246.7(rooms)-246.7(to)-246.6(avoid)]TJ
T*
[(the)-254.2(formation)-254.3(of)-254.2(several-against-one)-254.5(coalitions)-254.3(that)-254.2(arise)-254.2(when)-254.3(three)-254.2(or)-254.2(more)-254.3(sol)]TJ
32.067 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2003 TD
[(diers)-218.6(share)-218.6(a)-218.5(room)-218.6(\(Reddy,)-218.7(Baum,)-218.6(Fleming,)-218.7(&)-218.5(Aiello,)-218.6(1981\).)-218.7(Unfortunately,)-218.8(there)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(are)-355(no)-355(effective)-355.1(ways)-355.1(to)-355(match)-355(roommates)-355.1(for)-355(compatibility)-355.1(\(Cary,)-355.1(Stanley,)-355.1(&)]TJ
T*
[(Biggers,)-421.1(1988;)-421.1(Dodge,)-421.1(1989;)-421.1(Pierce)-421.1(&)-421(Schwartz,)-421.2(1974;)-421.1(Wetzel,)-421.1(Schwartz,)-421.2(&)]TJ
T*
(Vasu, 1979\).)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
(5.)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.25 0 TD
[(Educate)-177.8(soldiers)-177.8(about)-177.8(bullying:)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
13.0439 0 TD
[(If)-177.7(soldiers)-177.8(were)-177.8(made)-177.8(conscious)-177.8(of)-177.7(the)-177.7(con)]TJ
16.5728 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2004 TD
[(texts)-345.9(of)-345.9(bullying)-345.9(and)-345.9(of)-345.9(the)-345.8(common)-345.9(misbeliefs)-346(that)-345.9(justify)-345.9(bullying,)-346(then)-345.9(they)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(might)-223.4(gain)-223.4(insight)-223.4(about)-223.4(themselves)-223.5(and)-223.4(have)-223.4(some)-223.4(better)-223.4(possibility)-223.5(of)-223.4(acting)-223.4(re)]TJ
32.067 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 112.2585 590.5001 Tm
(BULLYING AND HAZING AMONG NORWEGIAN ARMY SOLDIERS)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 370.8796 590.5001 Tm
(33)Tj
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9.9999 0 0 9.9999 50 559.9998 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(Tandes)-177.7(\(1985\))-177.8(study)-177.7(used)-177.7(face-to-face)-177.9(interviews)-177.8(and)-177.7(promises)-177.8(of)-177.7(confidentiality,)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(resulting)-263.3(in)-263.1(a)-263.1(prevalence)-263.3(rate)-263.2(of)-263.2(8%.)-263.2(Study)-263.2(2)-263.1(involved)-263.3(no)-263.2(face-to-face)-263.3(interviews)]TJ
T*
[(and)-226(no)-226(record)-226.1(of)-226(the)-226(participants)-226(names)-226.1(or)-226(other)-226.1(identifying)-226.1(characteristics,)-226.2(but)-226(it)]TJ
T*
[(did)-201.5(compromise)-201.7(confidentiality)-201.7(during)-201.6(the)-201.5(open)-201.5(return)-201.6(of)-201.5(questionnaires)-201.7(via)-201.5(Army)]TJ
T*
(staff, resulting in a prevalence rate of 5%.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(However,)-187.6(if)-187.4(the)-187.4(prevalence)-187.6(rate)-187.5(for)-187.5(Study)-187.5(2)-187.4(i)0(s)-187.4(corrected)-187.6(by)-187.4(counting)-187.6(those)-187.5(7)-187.4(sol)]TJ
30.867 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1997 TD
[(diers)-293.2(as)-293.2(victims)-293.2(who)-293.2(answered)-293.3(the)-293.2(questionnaire)-293.4(in)-293.2(the)-293.2(same)-293.2(pattern)-293.2(as)-293.2(declared)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(victims)-232.6(did,)-232.5(then)-232.5(12%)-232.5(of)-232.5(the)-232.5(soldiers)-232.6(can)-232.5(be)-232.5(counted)-232.6(as)-232.5(having)-232.6(been)-232.5(bullied)-232.5(in)-232.5(the)]TJ
T*
[(Army.)-413.5(This)-413.5(replicates)-413.5(the)-413.4(12%)-413.5(prevalence)-413.5(rate)-413.4(found)-413.5(in)-413.4(Study)-413.5(1.)-413.4(Hytten)-413.5(and)]TJ
T*
[(Tandes)-284(\(1985\))-284.1(8%)-284(prevalence)-284.1(rate)-284(is)-284(within)-284.1(the)-284(normal)-284.1(range)-284.1(of)-284(sampling)-284.1(error)]TJ
T*
[(for)-199.5(the)-199.4(12%)-199.5(rate,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
6.7677 0 TD
(z)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(696\))-199.5(=)-199.4(1.85,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.3283 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6994 0 TD
[(>)-199.4(.05,)-199.5(and)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.1063 0 TD
(z)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(88\))-199.5(=)-199.4(1.85,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.8283 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6994 0 TD
[(>)-199.4(.05)-199.4(Thus,)-199.5(a)-199.4(conserva)]TJ
8.8594 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1998 TD
[(tive)-427.8(conclusion,)-428(replicated)-427.9(across)-427.9(three)-427.8(studies)-427.9(using)-427.8(three)-427.8(different)-427.9(methods,)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(would)-193.6(be)-193.5(that)-193.5(the)-193.5(prevalence)-193.6(of)-193.5(perceived)-193.6(bullying)-193.6(victimization)-193.6(in)-193.5(the)-193.5(Norwegian)]TJ
T*
[(Army)-309.4(is)-309.3(12%.)-309.4(The)-309.4(prevalence)-309.5(of)-309.4(bullying)-309.4(in)-309.3(the)-309.3(Norwegian)-309.5(Army)-309.4(is,)-309.4(therefore,)]TJ
T*
[(quite)-203.5(comparable)-203.6(to)-203.4(its)-203.5(prevalence)-203.6(in)-203.4(other)-203.5(Norwegian)-203.6(institutions.)-203.6(For)-203.5(example,)-203.6(a)]TJ
T*
[(summary)-193.5(review)-193.4(of)-193.4(bullying)-193.5(in)-193.4(Norwegian)-193.5(public)-193.4(schools)-193.5(concluded)-193.5(that)-193.4(the)-193.4(prev-)]TJ
T*
[(alence)-223.7(rate)-223.7(was)-223.7(9%)-223.7(\(Olweus,)-223.9(1997\),)-223.8(and)-223.7(a)-223.7(summary)-223.8(review)-223.8(of)-223.7(bullying)-223.8(in)-223.7(Norwe-)]TJ
T*
[(gian)-214.6(workplaces,)-214.8(both)-214.6(private)-214.7(and)-214.6(public,)-214.7(found)-214.7(a)-214.6(9)0(%)-214.6(prevalence)-214.7(rate)-214.6(\(Einarsen)-214.7(&)]TJ
T*
(Skogstad, 1996\).)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0 -3.6 TD
(Interventions)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0 -2.4 TD
[(The)-234.7(findings)-234.8(from)-234.8(these)-234.7(two)-234.7(studies)-234.8(do)-234.7(suggest)-234.8(plausible)-234.8(administrative)-234.9(interven-)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(tions)-215.5(to)-215.5(reduce)-215.6(the)-215.5(prevalence)-215.6(or)-215.5(the)-215.5(negative)-215.6(impact)-215.6(of)-215.5(bullying)-215.6(and)-215.5(hazing)-215.6(in)-215.5(the)]TJ
T*
[(Army.)-365.4(The)-365.3(following)-365.5(suggestions)-365.5(are)-365.3(tentative)-365.4(and,)-365.4(if)-365.3(implemented,)-365.5(should)-365.4(be)]TJ
T*
[(tested)-160.1(or)-160.1(monitored)-160.2(for)-160.1(effectiveness)-160.3(by)-160.1(the)-160.1(use)-160.1(of)-160.1(pre-)-160.1(and)-160.1(postmeasures)-160.3(and)-160.1(by)-160.1(the)]TJ
T*
(use of control groups if possible:)Tj
1.2 -2.4 TD
(1.)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.25 0 TD
[(Identify)-164.6(and)-164.6(attend)-164.6(to)-164.5(high-risk)-164.7(groups:)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
15.5423 0 TD
[(The)-164.6(18-year-olds,)-164.8(although)-164.6(compris)]TJ
14.0745 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2002 TD
[(ing)-185(a)-185(minority)-185.1(of)-185(soldiers)-185.1(\(1%\),)-185.1(suffered)-185.1(a)-185(high)-185(rate)-185(of)-185(bullying)-185.1(and)-185(hazing.)-185.1(It)-185(is)-185(not)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(clear)-214(if)-213.9(this)-214(is)-213.9(due)-214(to)-213.9(unique)-214(vulnerability)-214.1(or)-214(merely)-214(to)-213.9(being)-214(the)-213.9(youngest)-214.1(on)-214(base.)]TJ
T*
[(The)-285.5(big)-285.5(difference)-285.6(in)-285.5(prevalence)-285.6(between)-285.6(18-year-olds)-285.7(and)-285.5(19-year-olds)-285.7(and)-285.5(the)]TJ
T*
[(lack)-218.1(of)-218.1(age)-218.1(effects)-218.1(above)-218.1(age)-218.1(18,)-218.1(however,)-218.2(suggest)-218.2(that)-218.1(they)-218.1(are)-218.1(a)-218(unique)-218.1(group.)-218.2(If)]TJ
T*
[(so,)-498.6(then)-498.6(removing)-498.7(18-year-olds)-498.8(would)-498.6(not)-498.6(result)-498.6(in)-498.5(bullying)-498.6(shifting)-498.6(to)-498.5(the)]TJ
T*
-0.01 Tc
[(19-year-olds.)-271.5(In)-271.5(addition)-271.5(to)-271.5(18-year-olds,)-271.5(socially)-271.5(isolated)-271.5(soldiers)-271.5(are)-271.5(also)-271.5(at)-271.5(high)]TJ
T*
[(risk)-188(for)-188(being)-188(bullied)-188(and)-188(hazed.)-188(Both)-188(groups)-188(are)-187.9(predictably)-188(going)-188(to)-188(have)-187.9(a)-187.9(punish)]TJ
32.0667 0.0003 TD
0 Tc
(-)Tj
-32.0667 -1.2003 TD
-0.01 Tc
[(ing)-226.2(experience)-226.2(in)-226.2(the)-226.2(Army.)-226.2(Thus,)-226.2(delaying)-226.2(the)-226.2(induction)-226.2(of)-226.2(18-year-olds)-226.2(should)-226.2(be)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(considered,)-149(as)-149(should)-149(early)-149(discharge,)-149(without)-149(prejudice,)-149(of)-149(socially)-149(isolated)-149(soldiers.)]TJ
1.2 -1.2 TD
0 Tc
(2.)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.25 0 TD
[(Improve)-359.3(assessment)-359.4(of)-359.2(duty)-359.3(assignments:)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
17.2942 0 TD
[(Perhaps)-359.3(another)-359.3(risk)-359.3(group)-359.3(are)]TJ
-19.7442 -1.2 TD
[(those)-254.9(soldiers)-254.9(whose)-254.9(competence)-254.9(or)-254.8(intelligence)-254.9(are)-254.8(lower)-254.9(than)-254.8(average.)-254.9(Norway)]TJ
T*
[(practices)-181(universal)-181(military)-181(service)-181(and,)-181(thus,)-181(has)-180.9(recruits)-181(from)-181(the)-180.9(full)-181(range)-181(of)-180.9(na)]TJ
32.0668 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
-32.0668 52.2497 TD
(32)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 77.1202 590.5001 Tm
(STVIK AND RUDMIN)Tj
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9.9999 0 0 9.9999 58 560.0001 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
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0 Tw
[(\(33%\))-279.9(soldiers)-279.8(who)-279.8(answered)-279.9(completely)-279.9(agree)-279.8(or)-279.8(quite)-279.8(agree)-279.8(to)-279.7(the)-279.7(embar)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1996 TD
[(rassment)-301.9(question)-301.9(admitted)-301.9(to)-301.8(being)-301.9(bullied.)-301.9(The)-301.9(reluctance)-301.9(of)-301.8(victims)-301.9(to)-301.8(report)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(themselves)-256.3(can)-256.2(be)-256.2(quantified,)-256.3(and)-256.2(the)-256.2(group)-256.3(data)-256.2(can)-256.2(be)-256.2(statistically)-256.3(corrected.)-256.3(A)]TJ
T*
[(corrected)-240.8(prevalence)-240.9(rate)-240.8(can)-240.7(be)-240.7(estimated)-240.8(by)-240.7(employing)-240.9(discriminant)-240.9(analysis)-240.8(to)]TJ
T*
[(determine)-357.3(how)-357.2(many)-357.3(soldiers)-357.3(answered)-357.3(their)-357.3(questionnaires)-357.4(like)-357.2(a)-357.2(victim)-357.2(even)]TJ
T*
[(though)-161.4(they)-161.4(did)-161.4(not)-161.4(declare)-161.4(themselves)-161.5(to)-161.3(be)-161.3(a)-161.3(victim.)-161.4(Using)-161.4(all)-161.3(questionnaire)-161.5(items)]TJ
T*
[(to)-356.7(predict)-356.8(self-report)-356.9(of)-356.7(victimization,)-356.8(the)-356.7(computed)-356.8(discriminant)-356.8(function)-356.8(cor)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1997 TD
[(rectly)-255.9(identified)-256(100%)-255.9(of)-255.9(the)-255.8(questionnaires)-256(belonging)-256(to)-255.8(victims)-255.9(and)-255.9(90%)-255.9(of)-255.9(the)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(questionnaires)-337.6(belonging)-337.6(to)-337.4(soldiers)-337.5(claiming)-337.5(not)-337.4(to)-337.4(be)-337.4(victims.)-337.5(The)-337.5(discrepant)]TJ
T*
[(10%)-237.3(consisted)-237.4(of)-237.3(7)-237.3(soldiers.)-237.4(If)-237.3(they)-237.3(are)-237.3(counted)-237.4(as)-237.3(victims)-237.3(who)-237.3(declined)-237.4(to)-237.3(report)]TJ
T*
[(themselves)-152.1(as)-152(victims,)-152.1(then)-152(not)-152(4)-152(soldiers,)-152.1(but)-152(11,)-152.1(were)-152.1(bullied,)-152.1(for)-152.1(a)-152(corrected)-152.1(prev)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1998 TD
(alence rate of 12%.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
10.3941 -3.6004 TD
(SUMMARY DISCUSSION)Tj
-10.3941 -2.4 TD
(Replicated Prevalence)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
T*
[(Studies)-314.8(have)-314.8(shown)-314.8(that)-314.8(the)-314.7(prevalence)-314.9(of)-314.8(bullying)-314.8(can)-314.8(be)-314.7(accurately)-314.9(estimated)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(from)-276.7(self-report)-276.8(data)-276.7(\(Connell)-276.8(&)-276.6(Farrington,)-276.9(1997\).)-276.8(However,)-276.8(overreporting)-276.9(and)]TJ
T*
[(underreporting)-189.3(are)-189.1(concerns.)-189.2(The)-189.1(two)-189.1(studies)-189.2(presented)-189.2(here)-189.1(did)-189.1(not)-189.1(impose)-189.2(a)-189.1(defi-)]TJ
T*
[(nition)-267.5(of)-267.4(bullying)-267.5(on)-267.4(the)-267.4(respondents;)-267.6(therefore,)-267.6(some)-267.5(reports)-267.5(of)-267.4(bullying)-267.5(\(2%)-267.5(or)]TJ
T*
[(3%)-153(in)-152.9(Study)-153(1\))-153(referred)-153.1(to)-152.9(acts)-153(of)-153(hazing.)-153(Without)-153(a)-152.9(definition,)-153.1(people)-153(might)-153(also)-153(re-)]TJ
T*
[(port)-239.7(one-time)-239.8(incidents)-239.8(as)-239.7(bullying,)-239.8(which)-239.8(would)-239.8(not)-239.7(be)-239.7(in)-239.7(accordance)-239.8(with)-239.7(some)]TJ
T*
[(formal)-248.8(definitions)-248.8(\(e.g.,)-248.8(Olweus,)-248.8(1992\).)-248.8(Studies)-248.8(have)-248.7(shown)-248.8(that)-248.7(participants)-248.8(and)]TJ
T*
[(observers)-156.7(of)-156.5(bullying)-156.6(can)-156.5(define)-156.6(bullying)-156.6(to)-156.5(be)-156.5(a)-156.5(single)-156.6(event)-156.6(\(Madsen,)-156.7(1996;)-156.6(Smith)]TJ
T*
(& Levan, 1995\) as do some theorists \(Craig & Pepler, 1997\).)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Underreporting)-188.9(has)-188.6(numerous)-188.8(causes.)-188.7(Acts)-188.7(of)-188.7(bullying)-188.7(may)-188.7(be)-188.6(downplayed)-188.8(and)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(dismissed)-382.2(as)-382.1(not)-382.2(worth)-382.2(reporting,)-382.3(especially)-382.2(considering)-382.3(that)-382.1(nonchalance)-382.3(is)-382.1(a)]TJ
T*
[(common)-640(strategy)-640(victims)-640(adopt)-640(to)-639.9(diminish)-640(or)-639.9(stop)-639.9(bullying)-640(\(Salmivalli,)]TJ
T*
[(Karhunen,)-185.8(&)-185.6(Lagerspetz,)-185.8(1996\).)-185.8(For)-185.7(example,)-185.7(1)-185.6(soldier)-185.7(commented:)-185.8(But)-185.7(I)-185.6(did)-185.6(not)]TJ
T*
[(feel)-321.3(offended.)-321.5(Underreporting)-321.6(can)-321.3(also)-321.3(happen)-321.4(if)-321.3(bullying)-321.4(is)-321.3(misperceived)-321.5(and)]TJ
T*
[(misreported)-193.5(as)-193.4(hazing,)-193.5(as)-193.4(demonstrated)-193.5(in)-193.4(Study)-193.4(1.)-193.4(Underreporting)-193.6(also)-193.4(happens)-193.5(if)]TJ
T*
[(victims)-181.6(had)-181.5(been)-181.5(removed)-181.6(from)-181.6(the)-181.5(population)-181.7(at)-181.5(some)-181.6(time)-181.5(prior)-181.6(to)-181.5(the)-181.5(study.)-181.6(Sol)]TJ
32.067 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2003 TD
[(diers)-259.2(having)-259.3(serious)-259.3(difficulties)-259.3(in)-259.2(the)-259.2(Army)-259.3(are)-259.2(frequently)-259.3(given)-259.2(early)-259.2(discharge)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
(\(Rapp, 1997\).)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Finally,)-227.8(it)-227.6(seems)-227.7(that)-227.7(lack)-227.7(of)-227.7(confidentiality)-227.8(tends)-227.7(to)-227.7(reduce)-227.7(self-reports)-227.9(of)-227.7(bul)]TJ
30.8668 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2003 TD
[(lying.)-283.1(To)-283(date,)-283(there)-283(have)-283(been)-283(three)-283(studies)-283.1(of)-283(the)-283(prevalence)-283.1(of)-283(bullying)-283.1(in)-283(the)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(Norwegian)-201(Army.)-201(Each)-200.9(had)-200.8(a)-200.8(different)-201(degree)-200.9(of)-200.8(confidentiality,)-201(and)-200.8(each)-200.8(found)-200.9(a)]TJ
T*
[(different)-178.6(prevalence)-178.6(rate.)-178.5(Study)-178.5(1)-178.4(involved)-178.5(no)-178.4(face-to-face)-178.6(interviews,)-178.6(no)-178.4(record)-178.5(of)]TJ
T*
[(the)-175.2(participants)-175.2(names,)-175.3(and)-175.2(no)-175.2(exposure)-175.3(of)-175.2(the)-175.2(questionnaires)-175.4(when)-175.2(they)-175.2(were)-175.2(col)]TJ
32.0668 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2004 TD
[(lected.)-319.5(Study)-319.5(1)-319.4(found)-319.5(12%)-319.5(of)-319.5(soldiers)-319.5(reporting)-319.6(themselves)-319.6(bullied.)-319.6(Hytten)-319.5(and)]TJ
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 112.2585 590.5001 Tm
(BULLYING AND HAZING AMONG NORWEGIAN ARMY SOLDIERS)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 370.8796 590.5001 Tm
(31)Tj
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/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 50 559.9998 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(in)-216.7(Table)-216.8(1,)-216.7(the)-216.7(4)-216.7(victims)-216.8(of)-216.7(bullying)-216.8(had)-216.7(a)-216.7(summated)-216.8(blame-the-victim)-216.9(score)-216.8(\()]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
30.7864 0 TD
(M)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.0497 0 TD
(=)Tj
-31.8362 -1.2 TD
(2.6,)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.8159 0 TD
(SD)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.5379 0 TD
[(=)-315.9(0.24\),)-316(which)-316(was)-315.9(significantly)-316.1(lower,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
16.3186 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
[(\(86\))-316(=)-315.9(3.29,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.1778 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.8159 0 TD
[(<)-315.9(.001,)-316(than)-315.9(the)]TJ
-25.9442 -1.2 TD
[(summated)-261.9(score)-261.8(for)-261.8(the)-261.8(other)-261.8(soldiers)-261.9(\()]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
15.6787 0 TD
(M)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.0948 0 TD
[(=)-261.8(3.9,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
2.5876 0 TD
(SD)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.4838 0 TD
[(=)-261.8(0.08\).)-261.9(Considering)-261.9(that)-261.8(the)]TJ
-20.8448 -1.2 TD
[(scale)-227.2(midpoint)-227.3(was)-227.2(3.5,)-227.2(victims)-227.2(did)-227.2(not)-227.2(believed)-227.2(that)-227.2(victims)-227.2(are)-227.2(to)-227.1(blame)-227.2(for)-227.2(bul)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1997 TD
(lying, and those who had not been bullied did believe that victims are to blame.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Soldiers)-184.5(and)-184.4(officers)-184.5(believed)-184.5(that)-184.4(bullying)-184.5(is)-184.4(a)-184.4(problemofficers)-184.7(more)-184.5(so)-184.4(than)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(soldiers.)-201.3(Among)-201.3(soldiers,)-201.3(victims)-201.2(believed)-201.2(that)-201.2(bullying)-201.3(is)-201.1(a)-201.1(problem)-201.3(\()]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
27.6777 0 TD
(M)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.0342 0 TD
[(=)-201.1(5.8,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
2.4664 0 TD
(SD)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-31.1782 -1.2 TD
[(=)-242.3(0.25\))-242.4(more,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.6789 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
[(\(87\))-242.3(=)-242.3(2.67,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.4569 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7423 0 TD
[(<)-242.3(.01,)-242.3(than)-242.3(did)-242.3(other)-242.3(soldiers)-242.4(\()]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
12.0167 0 TD
(M)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.0753 0 TD
[(=)-242.3(4.2,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
2.5486 0 TD
(SD)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.4643 0 TD
[(=)-242.3(0.12\).)]TJ
-29.2608 -1.2 TD
[(Soldiers)-234.4(and)-234.3(officers)-234.4(rejected)-234.3(the)-234.2(idea)-234.3(that)-234.3(it)-234.2(is)-234.2(difficult)-234.4(to)-234.2(intervene,)-234.4(with)-234.3(officers)]TJ
T*
[(rejecting)-208.4(this)-208.3(very)-208.4(strongly.)-208.5(Both)-208.3(groups)-208.4(tended)-208.4(to)-208.3(reject)-208.3(ideas)-208.3(that)-208.3(bullying)-208.4(is)-208.3(em)]TJ
32.0667 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0667 -1.1998 TD
[(barrassing)-302.8(for)-302.7(victims)-302.7(and)-302.7(that)-302.7(it)-302.7(is)-302.7(best)-302.7(to)-302.7(transfer)-302.8(victims)-302.7(out)-302.7(of)-302.7(the)-302.7(unit.)-302.7(Both)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(groups)-254.4(accepted)-254.3(the)-254.3(idea,)-254.3(however,)-254.5(that)-254.3(lazy)-254.3(and)-254.3(difficult)-254.4(people)-254.3(deserve)-254.4(punish)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1999 TD
[(ment.)-209.4(Both)-209.3(groups)-209.4(strongly)-209.4(agreed)-209.4(that)-209.3(it)-209.3(is)-209.3(difficult)-209.4(to)-209.3(know)-209.4(if)-209.3(someone)-209.4(feels)-209.3(bul)]TJ
32.067 -0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1999 TD
(lied. Officers rejected the idea that bullying is a male behavior.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 61.9999 379.9982 Tm
(Sources of beliefs.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 156.261 379.9982 Tm
[(As)-179.2(shown)-179.3(in)-179.2(Table)-179.2(1,)-179.2(in)-179.2(the)-179.2(center)-179.2(two)-179.2(columns)-179.3(of)-179.2(num-)]TJ
-10.6262 -1.2 TD
[(bers,)-213.8(beliefs)-213.8(uniformly)-213.9(had)-213.8(near-zero)-213.9(correlations)-213.9(with)-213.8(witnessing)-213.9(bullyingwith)]TJ
T*
[(one)-155.6(exception.)-155.7(Thus,)-155.7(beliefs)-155.6(are)-155.6(independent)-155.7(of)-155.6(observations.)-155.8(This)-155.6(suggests)-155.7(that)-155.6(be-)]TJ
T*
[(liefs)-184.9(about)-185(bullying)-185(are)-184.9(not)-184.9(being)-185(shaped)-185(by)-184.9(observed)-185(reality)-185(but)-184.9(by)-184.9(other)-185(cognitive)]TJ
T*
[(or)-231.6(enculturative)-231.7(processes.)-231.7(The)-231.6(one)-231.6(exception)-231.7(was)-231.6(that)-231.6(soldiers)-231.6(and)-231.6(officers)-231.7(repli-)]TJ
T*
[(cated)-218.3(the)-218.3(negative)-218.4(correlation)-218.5(between)-218.4(witnessing)-218.5(bullying)-218.4(and)-218.3(believing)-218.4(that)-218.3(vic-)]TJ
T*
[(tims)-173(should)-173(be)-172.9(transferred)-173.1(out)-173(of)-172.9(the)-172.9(unit,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
16.1875 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(84\))-173(=)-172.9(.23,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.7489 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6729 0 TD
[(<)-172.9(.05,)-173(and)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.0268 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(76\))-173(=)-172.9(.27,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.7489 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6729 0 TD
(<)Tj
-31.8359 -1.2 TD
[(.05,)-174.4(for)-174.4(soldiers)-174.4(and)-174.3(officers,)-174.5(respectively.)-174.5(That)-174.4(is,)-174.3(witnesses)-174.4(of)-174.3(bullying)-174.4(tend)-174.3(to)-174.3(be-)]TJ
T*
[(lieve)-199.9(that)-199.9(victims)-199.9(should)-199.9(not)-199.9(be)-199.9(transferred,)-200.1(but)-199.9(people)-199.9(who)-199.9(had)-199.9(not)-199.9(witnessed)-200(bul-)]TJ
T*
(lying tend to believe that victims should be transferred.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 61.9999 247.9992 Tm
(Intervention.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 129.0308 247.9992 Tm
[(On)-190.2(the)-190.2(far)-190.2(right-hand)-190.3(side)-190.2(of)-190.2(Table)-190.2(1)-190.1(are)-190.2(the)-190.2(correlations)-190.3(of)-190.2(be)]TJ
24.1638 0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2001 TD
[(liefs)-266.2(and)-266.2(intervention)-266.3(behavior.)-266.3(For)-266.2(all)-266.2(five)-266.2(beliefs)-266.2(that)-266.2(blame)-266.2(the)-266.2(victim,)-266.2(and)-266.2(for)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(their)-178.9(summation,)-179.1(soldiers)-179(showed)-179(consistently)-179(negative)-179(correlations)-179(with)-178.9(interven)]TJ
32.0669 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2002 TD
[(ing,)-279.8(whereas)-279.9(officers)-279.9(showed)-279.9(consistently)-279.9(positive)-279.8(correlations)-279.9(with)-279.8(intervening,)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(most)-154(strongly)-154.1(for)-154(the)-154(summated)-154.1(measure,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
16.228 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(54\))-154.1(=)-154(.31,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.1921 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.654 0 TD
[(<)-154(.05.)-154.1(It)-154(should)-154.1(be)-154(noted)-154(that)]TJ
-21.4631 -1.2 TD
[(neither)-195.7(pattern)-195.7(of)-195.7(correlations)-195.8(works)-195.8(well)-195.7(for)-195.7(the)-195.7(victims)-195.7(of)-195.7(bullying:)-195.8(Soldiers)-195.8(who)]TJ
T*
[(blame)-217(the)-216.9(victims)-217(let)-216.9(them)-216.9(suffer)-217(the)-216.9(bullying,)-217.1(and)-216.9(officers)-217(who)-217(blame)-217(the)-216.9(victims)]TJ
T*
[(intervene)-268.4(but)-268.3(blame)-268.3(the)-268.3(victims)-268.3(for)-268.3(the)-268.3(incident.)-268.4(Beliefs)-268.3(that)-268.3(bullies)-268.3(are)-268.3(to)-268.2(blame)]TJ
T*
[(and)-360.1(beliefs)-360.2(that)-360.1(bullying)-360.2(is)-360.1(a)-360.1(problem)-360.2(had)-360.1(no)-360.1(effects)-360.2(on)-360.1(intervention)-360.3(behavior.)]TJ
T*
-0.01 Tc
[(Rather,)-204(the)-204(strongest)-204(and)-204(most)-204(consistent)-204(predictor)-204(of)-204(intervention)-204(is)-204(rejection)-204(of)-204(be)]TJ
32.0667 0.0003 TD
0 Tc
(-)Tj
-32.0667 -1.2003 TD
-0.01 Tc
[(liefs)-194.7(that)-194.7(effective)-194.7(intervention)-194.7(is)-194.7(difficult,)-194.7(seen)-194.7(most)-194.7(strongly)-194.7(in)-194.7(the)-194.7(summated)-194.7(mea)]TJ
32.0668 0.0003 TD
0 Tc
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2003 TD
-0.01 Tc
[(sure)-149(for)-149(the)-149(soldiers,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
7.8215 0 TD
0 Tc
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.379 0 TD
-0.01 Tc
[(\(72\))-149(=)-149(.40,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.5773 0 TD
0 Tc
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.639 0 TD
-0.01 Tc
[(<)-149(.001,)-149(and)-149(for)-149(the)-149(officers,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
10.3547 0 TD
0 Tc
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.379 0 TD
-0.01 Tc
[(\(54\))-149(=)-149(.38,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.5773 0 TD
0 Tc
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.639 0 TD
-0.01 Tc
[(<)-149(.01.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 61.9999 92.0004 Tm
0 Tc
(Corrected prevalence.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 172.372 92.0004 Tm
[(In)-280.8(total,)-280.8(50)-280.8(\(56%\))-280.9(soldiers)-280.9(agreed)-280.8(that)-280.8(it)-280.7(would)-280.8(be)]TJ
-12.2373 -1.2 TD
[(embarrassing)-276.5(to)-276.3(admit)-276.4(to)-276.3(being)-276.4(bullieda)-276.4(feeling)-276.4(that)-276.3(might)-276.4(inhibit)-276.4(self-reports,)]TJ
T*
[(especially)-231.3(in)-231.2(contexts)-231.3(of)-231.2(reduced)-231.3(anonymity,)-231.4(such)-231.2(as)-231.2(in)-231.2(this)-231.2(study.)-231.3(None)-231.3(of)-231.2(the)-231.2(29)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
0 52.2505 TD
(30)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 77.1202 590.5001 Tm
(STVIK AND RUDMIN)Tj
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/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 58 560.0001 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(tions)-219.4(precluded)-219.5(the)-219.4(use)-219.4(of)-219.4(return)-219.5(envelopes,)-219.5(anonymity)-219.5(was)-219.4(a)-219.4(concern.)-219.5(To)-219.4(give)-219.4(re)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1996 TD
[(spondents)-200.7(some)-200.6(degree)-200.7(of)-200.6(privacy,)-200.7(however,)-200.8(they)-200.6(were)-200.7(not)-200.6(asked)-200.6(to)-200.6(identify)-200.7(them)]TJ
32.067 -0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1996 TD
(selves by name, unit, rank, age, or gender.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 512.0005 Tm
(Sample.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 118.6804 512.0005 Tm
-0.01 Tc
[(A)-197.9(total)-197.9(of)-197.9(88)-197.9(soldiers)-197.9(and)-197.9(77)-197.9(officers)-197.9(answered)-197.9(the)-197.9(questionnaire,)-197.9(for)]TJ
-6.0681 -1.2 TD
[(an)-271.9(overall)-271.9(return)-271.9(rate)-271.9(of)-271.9(approximately)-271.9(80%.)-271.9(This)-271.9(rate)-271.9(was)-271.9(higher)-271.9(than)-271.9(in)-271.9(Study)-271.9(1,)]TJ
T*
[(possibly)-257.7(due)-257.7(to)-257.7(coercive)-257.7(pressures)-257.7(caused)-257.7(by)-257.7(reduced)-257.7(anonymity.)-257.7(Because)-257.7(Study)-257.7(1)]TJ
T*
[(and)-149(Study)-149(2)-149(were)-149(sufficiently)-149(separated)-149(in)-149(time,)-149(they)-149(had)-149(no)-149(participants)-149(in)-149(common.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
0 -2.4 TD
0 Tc
(Results and Discussion)Tj
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 428.0012 Tm
(Prevalence.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 134.8007 428.0012 Tm
[(Only)-222.4(4)-222.3(\(5%\))-222.5(soldiers)-222.5(reported)-222.5(that)-222.4(they)-222.4(had)-222.4(been)-222.4(bullied)-222.4(in)-222.4(the)]TJ
-7.6802 -1.2 TD
[(Army,)-314.9(and)-314.8(3)-314.8(\(75%\))-314.9(of)-314.8(them)-314.8(reported)-314.9(that)-314.8(officers)-314.9(had)-314.8(intervened.)-314.9(A)-314.8(total)-314.8(of)-314.8(63)]TJ
T*
[(\(72%\))-184.5(soldiers)-184.4(and)-184.3(50)-184.3(\(65%\))-184.5(officers)-184.4(reported)-184.4(that)-184.3(they)-184.4(had)-184.3(witnessed)-184.4(bullying.)-184.5(Of)]TJ
T*
(these, 12 \(19%\) soldiers and 43 \(86%\) officers reported that they had intervened.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 368.0016 Tm
(Beliefs.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 114.7901 368.0016 Tm
[(As)-311.8(shown)-311.9(in)-311.8(Table)-311.8(1,)-311.8(the)-311.8(questionnaire)-312(statements)-311.9(about)-311.9(bullying)]TJ
-5.6791 -1.2 TD
[(could)-309.7(be)-309.6(grouped)-309.8(into)-309.7(four)-309.7(themes)-309.7(based)-309.7(on)-309.7(meanings)-309.8(and)-309.7(intercorrelations:)-309.9(\(a\))]TJ
T*
[(blame)-211(the)-211(victim,)-211.1(\(b\))-211(blame)-211(the)-211(bully,)-211.1(\(c\))-211(bullying)-211.1(is)-211(a)-211(problem,)-211.1(and)-211(\(d\))-211(hard)-211(to)-211(in-)]TJ
T*
[(tervene.)-198.1(There)-198.1(was)-198.1(also)-198(a)-198(set)-198(of)-198(five)-198(miscellaneous)-198.2(beliefs.)-198.1(To)-198(simplify)-198.1(the)-198(presen-)]TJ
T*
[(tation)-172.3(of)-172.2(findings,)-172.4(composite)-172.3(index)-172.3(scores)-172.3(for)-172.3(the)-172.2(first)-172.3(four)-172.3(of)-172.2(these)-172.3(were)-172.3(computed.)]TJ
T*
[(Among)-425.8(items)-425.8(in)-425.7(an)-425.7(index,)-425.8(there)-425.8(were)-425.8(no)-425.7(negative)-425.8(interitem)-425.8(correlations,)-425.9(and)]TJ
T*
[(Cronbachs)-159.8(alpha)-159.8(coefficients)-159.9(were)-159.8(high)-159.8(considering)-159.9(that)-159.8(the)-159.7(indexes)-159.8(had)-159.8(only)-159.8(five,)]TJ
T*
(three, two, and two items, respectively.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Beyond)-286.2(this)-286.1(simple)-286.1(grouping)-286.2(by)-286.1(meaning,)-286.2(data)-286.1(reduction)-286.2(was)-286.1(not)-286.1(pursued.)-286.2(In)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(particular,)-297.5(factor)-297.4(analysis)-297.4(was)-297.4(not)-297.4(used)-297.4(because)-297.4(there)-297.4(are)-297.4(multiple)-297.5(correct)-297.5(factor)]TJ
T*
[(solutions)-234.2(and)-234.1(multiple)-234.2(ways)-234.2(to)-234.1(rotate)-234.1(and)-234.1(label)-234.1(factors,)-234.2(all)-234.1(dependent)-234.2(on)-234.1(the)-234.1(inter)]TJ
32.067 0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2002 TD
[(pretive)-310.4(preferences)-310.5(of)-310.3(the)-310.3(authors.)-310.4(Factor)-310.4(analysis)-310.4(and)-310.3(other)-310.4(multivariate)-310.4(proce)]TJ
32.0668 0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2001 TD
[(dures)-177.8(would,)-177.9(thus,)-177.8(violate)-177.8(the)-177.8(descriptive,)-177.9(phenomenological)-178(intent)-177.8(of)-177.8(this)-177.8(study.)-177.8(If)]TJ
T*
[(readers)-229.9(wish)-229.8(to)-229.8(consider)-229.9(only)-229.8(the)-229.8(analyses)-229.8(of)-229.8(the)-229.8(individual)-229.9(questions,)-229.9(and)-229.8(not)-229.8(the)]TJ
T*
[(grouped)-228.3(scores,)-228.3(that)-228.2(information)-228.4(is)-228.2(presented)-228.3(in)-228.2(Table)-228.2(1.)-228.2(The)-228.2(findings)-228.3(and)-228.2(discus)]TJ
32.067 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2002 TD
(sion are essentially unchanged either way.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(In)-186.5(Table)-186.5(1,)-186.5(the)-186.5(columns)-186.6(on)-186.5(the)-186.5(left-hand)-186.6(side)-186.5(display)-186.6(mean)-186.5(measures)-186.6(of)-186.5(belief)-186.5(in)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(each)-355.7(item)-355.7(separately)-355.8(for)-355.7(soldiers)-355.8(and)-355.7(officers.)-355.8(The)-355.7(columns)-355.8(of)-355.7(numbers)-355.8(on)-355.7(the)]TJ
T*
[(right-hand)-257.2(side)-257(display)-257.1(the)-257(relations)-257.1(between)-257.1(beliefs)-257.1(and)-257(witnessing)-257.1(bullying)-257.1(and)]TJ
T*
[(the)-225.9(relations)-225.9(between)-225.9(beliefs)-225.9(and)-225.9(intervening)-226(in)-225.8(bullying.)-226(Table)-225.9(1)-225.8(displays)-225.9(84)-225.9(cor)]TJ
32.067 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2003 TD
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0 -1.2 TD
[(Bonferroni-type)-273.3(adjustments)-273.1(were)-273(not)-273(pursued)-273.1(because)-273.1(significant)-273.1(findings)-273.1(were)]TJ
T*
[(always)-344.5(replicated)-344.6(across)-344.5(questions)-344.6(or)-344.5(across)-344.5(samples,)-344.6(thus)-344.5(discounting)-344.6(concern)]TJ
T*
(that significance was a random event.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(As)-179.8(shown)-179.8(in)-179.7(Table)-179.8(1,)-179.8(soldiers)-179.8(consistently)-179.9(tended)-179.8(to)-179.7(blame)-179.8(the)-179.7(victim)-179.8(more)-179.8(than)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(did)-218.6(the)-218.5(officers;)-218.7(however,)-218.7(neither)-218.6(group)-218.6(consistently)-218.7(blamed)-218.6(the)-218.5(bully.)-218.6(Not)-218.6(shown)]TJ
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 112.2585 590.5001 Tm
(BULLYING AND HAZING AMONG NORWEGIAN ARMY SOLDIERS)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
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(TABLE 1)Tj
-7.836 -1.25 TD
(Soldiers and Officers Beliefs About Bullying)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
14.2914 -2.5725 TD
(Mean)Tj
-0.5421 -1.25 TD
(Belief in)Tj
-0.2915 -1.25 TD
(Statement)Tj
6.423 2.5001 TD
(Correlations of Beliefs With:)Tj
-0.0836 -2.5001 TD
[(Witnessing)-2871.3(Intervening)]TJ
-32.4608 -2.3797 TD
[(Questionnaire Statements)-16385.8(S vs. O)-3756.9(S)0( vs. O)-4565.8(S)0( vs. O)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
0 -2.3825 TD
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/F6 1 Tf
12.0835 0 TD
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.881 0 TD
(= .60\))Tj
12.963 0.1128 TD
[(3.8)-654.7(>)-593(3.4)-1932.8(.04)-2439.7(.00)-1939.7(.19)-2439.7(.31*)]TJ
-24.9275 -1.3825 TD
[(Everybody must tolerate innocent teasing and jokes)-4263.3(4.6)-1811.7(4.2)-1932.8(.07)-1939.7(.08)-1939.7(.16)-2439.7(.15)]TJ
0 -1.2697 TD
(People should tolerate impertinence and mean jokes at)Tj
1 -1.25 TD
[(work)-21872.5(4.2)-1811.7(3.8)-1932.8(.03)-1939.7(.13)-1939.7(.09)-2439.7(.09)]TJ
-1 -1.2697 TD
(Some people are so touchy and oversensitive that they)Tj
1 -1.25 TD
[(embitter their environment)-13206.4(3.7)-1811.7(3.4)-1932.8(.00)-2439.7(.11)-1939.7(.11)-2439.7(.18)]TJ
-1 -1.2697 TD
[(Victims of bullying set the stage for themselves)-5845.3(2.7)-654.7(>)-593(2.0)-1432.8(.06)-2439.6(.01)-1939.7(.13)-2439.7(.19)]TJ
T*
[(Many victims of bullying are strange people)-7207.3(3.8)-654.7(>)-593(3.3)-1932.8(.04)-2439.7(.06)-1939.7(.09)-2439.7(.30*)]TJ
-1 -1.8825 TD
(Blame the bully, summated \()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
11.5834 0 TD
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.881 0 TD
(= .49\))Tj
13.463 0.1128 TD
[(3.5)-1811.7(3.7)-1932.8(.00)-1939.7(.01)-2439.7(.16)-2439.7(.04)]TJ
-24.9275 -1.3825 TD
(Bullies feel inferior and assert themselves by bullying)Tj
1 -1.25 TD
[(others)-21483.5(3.7)-1811.7(3.9)-1932.8(.12)-1939.7(.05)-2439.7(.10)-2439.7(.13)]TJ
-1 -1.2697 TD
[(Bullies differ from other people)-12207.4(3.0)-1811.7(2.9)-1432.8(.04)-1939.6(.02)-2439.7(.03)-1939.7(.10)]TJ
T*
[(Bullies are insecure people)-14124.4(2.8)-1811.7(3.1)-1932.8(.10)-1939.7(.04)-1939.7(.17)-1939.7(.04)]TJ
-1 -1.8825 TD
(Bullying a problem, summated \()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
12.9724 0 TD
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.881 0 TD
(= .43\))Tj
12.074 0.1128 TD
[(4.3)-654.7(<)-593(5.1)-1932.8(.07)-2439.7(.06)-2439.7(.10)-2439.7(.09)]TJ
-24.9275 -1.3825 TD
[(Bullying disrupts morale among soldiers)-8649.4(4.4)-654.7(<)-593(5.4)-1932.8(.05)-2439.7(.05)-1939.7(.01)-2439.7(.18)]TJ
0 -1.2697 TD
[(Bullying is not exaggerated as a problem)-8540.4(3.1)-654.7(<)-593(3.8)-1432.8(.07)-1939.6(.02)-1939.7(.17)-2439.7(.07)]TJ
-1 -1.8825 TD
(Hard to intervene, summated \()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
12.1924 0 TD
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.881 0 TD
(= .55\))Tj
12.854 0.1128 TD
[(2.9)-654.7(>)-593(1.7)-1432.8(.09)-1939.6(.17)-1939.7(.40*)-1439.7(.38*)]TJ
-24.9275 -1.3825 TD
(I find it difficult to intervene if I see someone being)Tj
1 -1.25 TD
[(harassed)-20484.5(3.7)-654.7(>)-593(2.2)-1432.8(.04)-1939.6(.12)-1939.7(.46*)-1439.7(.35*)]TJ
-1 -1.2697 TD
(As a soldier/officer, there is nothing I can do to)Tj
1 -1.25 TD
[(prevent bullying)-17344.4(2.2)-654.7(>)-593(1.3)-1432.8(.10)-1939.6(.19)-2439.7(.16)-1939.7(.33*)]TJ
-2 -1.7697 TD
(Miscellaneous beliefs)Tj
1 -1.2697 TD
(If I had been bullied earlier in life, I would find it)Tj
1 -1.25 TD
[(embarrassing to admit it)-14233.4(3.3)-1811.7(3.0)-1432.8(.02)-1939.6(.11)-1939.7(.11)-1939.7(.02)]TJ
-1 -1.2697 TD
(If someone is being bullied, it is best to move the)Tj
1 -1.25 TD
[(person to another unit)-15178.4(2.6)-654.7(>)-593(2.1)-1432.8(.23*)-1439.6(.27*)-1439.6(.21)-2439.7(.12)]TJ
-1 -1.2697 TD
[(Lazy and difficult people deserve to be straightened up)-2932.3(3.9)-1811.7(3.9)-1432.8(.05)-1939.6(.07)-1939.7(.02)-2439.7(.13)]TJ
T*
[(It can be difficult to know if anybody feels bullied)-4791.3(4.7)-1811.7(4.8)-1432.8(.02)-1939.6(.05)-1939.7(.14)-2439.7(.20)]TJ
T*
[(Men bully more than women)-13317.4(3.6)-654.7(>)-593(3.1)-1432.8(.01)-1939.6(.10)-2439.7(.15)-1939.7(.13)]TJ
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BT
/F2 1 Tf
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 40 126.6888 Tm
/GS2 gs
(Note.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.1391 0 TD
[(Scores)-182.8(below)-182.8(3.5)-182.8(indicate)-182.9(disbelief,)-182.8(and)-182.8(scores)-182.8(above)-182.8(3.5)-182.8(indicate)-182.9(belief.)-182.9(Greater)-182.8(than)-182.8(and)-182.8(less)-182.8(than)-182.8(signs)]TJ
-4.1391 -1.25 TD
[(denote)-302.7(statistically)-302.7(significant)-302.7(differences)-302.7(\()]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
17.4302 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.8027 0 TD
[(<)-302.7(.05,)-302.7(two-tailed\))-302.7(between)-302.7(soldiers)-302.7(and)-302.7(officers)]TJ
19.2092 0 TD
[(.)-302.7(S)-302.7(=)-302.7(soldiers;)-302.7(O)-302.7(=)]TJ
-37.4421 -1.25 TD
(officers.)Tj
1 -1.25 TD
(*)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
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0 -1.2 TD
[(sexual)-354.3(harassment.)-354.4(The)-354.2(14)-354.2(female)-354.3(soldiers)-354.3(in)-354.2(this)-354.2(study)-354.3(were)-354.3(indistinguishable)]TJ
T*
[(from)-196.3(their)-196.2(male)-196.2(colleagues)-196.3(in)-196.2(measures)-196.3(of)-196.2(being)-196.3(bullied,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
22.2898 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
[(\(678\))-196.3(=)-196.2(1.13,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.8187 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6962 0 TD
[(=)-196.2(.26;)-196.3(of)]TJ
-29.0827 -1.2 TD
[(witnessing)-200.2(bullying,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
8.2622 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
[(\(678\))-200.2(=)-200(0.33,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.8303 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7 0 TD
[(=)-200(.74;)-200.1(of)-200.1(being)-200.1(hazed,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
8.7293 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
[(\(666\))-200.2(=)-200(1.40,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.3303 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7 0 TD
[(=)-200(.16;)]TJ
-30.1081 -1.2 TD
[(and)-244.1(of)-244.1(hazing)-244.1(others,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
8.6132 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
[(\(664\))-244.2(=)-244(0.50,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.4622 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.744 0 TD
[(=)-244(.62.)-244.1(The)-244.1(apparently)-244.2(different)-244.2(findings)-244.2(be)]TJ
16.9692 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0667 -1.1997 TD
[(tween)-204.8(this)-204.8(study)-204.8(and)-204.8(Rosen)-204.8(and)-204.8(Martins)-204.7(study)-204.8(may)-204.8(be)-204.7(due)-204.8(to)-204.7(the)-204.7(fact)-204.8(that)-204.8(Norway)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
(is a much less sexist society than the United States \(Hofstede, 1980\).)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
14.0886 -3.6003 TD
(STUDY 2)Tj
-14.0886 -2.4 TD
(Purpose)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
T*
[(The)-219.3(first)-219.3(author)-219.3(was)-219.3(invited)-219.3(back)-219.3(to)-219.2(the)-219.2(military)-219.3(base)-219.3(for)-219.3(a)-219.2(management)-219.4(workshop)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(to)-247.3(give)-247.4(a)-247.3(presentation)-247.5(of)-247.4(the)-247.3(findings)-247.5(of)-247.4(Study)-247.4(1.)-247.4(Study)-247.4(2)-247.3(was)-247.4(conceived)-247.4(and)-247.4(exe)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1999 TD
[(cuted)-157.4(to)-157.3(gather)-157.4(further)-157.5(information)-157.5(about)-157.4(bullying)-157.4(for)-157.4(presentation)-157.5(to)-157.3(Army)-157.4(officers)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(attending)-207.4(that)-207.3(workshop.)-207.5(Study)-207.3(2)-207.2(was)-207.3(thus)-207.3(smaller,)-207.4(less)-207.3(elaborate,)-207.4(and)-207.3(less)-207.3(explor-)]TJ
T*
[(atory)-165.9(than)-165.9(Study)-166(1.)-165.9(Whereas)-166(Study)-166(1)-165.9(had)-165.9(a)-165.8(focus)-165.9(on)-165.9(the)-165.9(physical)-166(and)-165.9(social)-165.9(contexts)]TJ
T*
[(of)-158.4(bullying)-158.4(in)-158.3(the)-158.3(Army,)-158.5(Study)-158.4(2)-158.3(was)-158.4(more)-158.4(focused)-158.4(on)-158.3(the)-158.3(cognitive)-158.4(contexts)-158.4(of)-158.4(bul-)]TJ
T*
[(lying.)-241.5(The)-241.4(goal)-241.4(was)-241.4(to)-241.4(begin)-241.4(a)-241.4(phenomenologically)-241.7(descriptive)-241.5(account)-241.5(of)-241.4(beliefs)]TJ
T*
[(about)-149.5(bullying)-149.5(and,)-149.5(specifically,)-149.6(to)-149.4(display)-149.5(how)-149.4(soldiers)-149.5(and)-149.4(officers)-149.5(have)-149.4(similar)-149.5(or)]TJ
T*
[(different)-237.8(beliefs)-237.7(and)-237.7(how)-237.7(those)-237.7(beliefs)-237.7(affect)-237.7(the)-237.7(readiness)-237.8(of)-237.7(individuals)-237.8(from)-237.7(ei-)]TJ
T*
(ther group to intervene in incidents of bullying.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0 -3.6 TD
(Method)Tj
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 235.999 Tm
(Instrument.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 132.0205 235.999 Tm
[(A)-373.6(one-page)-373.7(questionnaire,)-373.8(written)-373.6(in)-373.6(Norwegian,)-373.8(was)-373.6(devel)]TJ
24.6649 0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2001 TD
[(oped)-214.2(in)-214.1(two)-214.2(versions:)-214.2(one)-214.1(for)-214.2(soldiers)-214.2(and)-214.1(one)-214.1(for)-214.2(officers.)-214.3(The)-214.1(first)-214.2(17)-214.1(items)-214.2(were)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(statements)-191.6(of)-191.5(beliefs)-191.5(about)-191.5(bullying,)-191.6(to)-191.5(be)-191.5(answered)-191.6(on)-191.5(a)-191.4(6-point)-191.6(Likert)-191.5(scale)-191.5(rang)]TJ
32.0669 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2002 TD
[(ing)-207.6(from)-207.6(X)-207.6(\()]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.8998 0 TD
[(disagree)-207.7(completely)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
7.9836 0 TD
0.2076 Tc
[(\)t)207.6(oX\()]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
2.7887 0 TD
0 Tc
[(agree)-207.6(completely)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
6.8166 0 TD
[(\).)-207.6(As)-207.6(in)-207.6(Study)-207.7(1,)-207.6(a)-207.5(formal)]TJ
-22.4886 -1.2 TD
[(definition)-215.9(of)-215.8(bullying)-215.8(was)-215.8(not)-215.8(imposed)-215.8(on)-215.7(the)-215.7(respondents.)-215.9(English)-215.8(translations)-215.9(of)]TJ
T*
[(these)-289.8(items)-289.8(appear)-289.8(in)-289.8(Table)-289.8(1.)-289.8(Items)-289.8(18)-289.8(and)-289.8(19)-289.8(were)-289.8(truefalse)-289.9(questions)-289.9(asking)]TJ
T*
[(whether)-197.7(respondents)-197.8(had)-197.6(witnessed)-197.7(bullying)-197.7(in)-197.6(their)-197.7(military)-197.7(unit)-197.6(and,)-197.7(if)-197.6(so,)-197.7(if)-197.6(they)]TJ
T*
[(had)-151.7(intervened.)-151.9(The)-151.7(questionnaire)-151.9(form)-151.8(given)-151.8(to)-151.7(soldiers)-151.8(had)-151.7(one)-151.7(extra)-151.7(question:)-151.8(If)]TJ
T*
(they themselves had been bullied, did an officer intervene?)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 103.9998 Tm
(Procedure.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 130.9107 103.9998 Tm
[(The)-277.9(questionnaires)-278(were)-277.9(distributed)-278(by)-277.8(administrative)-278(military)]TJ
-7.2911 -1.2 TD
[(staff)-185.1(to)-185(approximately)-185.2(100)-185(soldiers)-185.1(and)-185(100)-185(officers)-185.1(of)-185(various)-185.1(ranks)-185.1(at)-185(the)-185(military)]TJ
T*
[(base)-270.5(in)-270.5(Bardufoss,)-270.7(Norway.)-270.6(The)-270.5(use)-270.5(of)-270.5(military)-270.5(staff)-270.5(to)-270.5(distribute)-270.6(and)-270.5(collect)-270.5(the)]TJ
T*
[(questionnaire)-271.1(may)-270.9(have)-271(introduced)-271.1(bias)-270.9(into)-270.9(the)-270.9(sample.)-271(Because)-271(logistic)-271(limita)]TJ
32.0669 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 112.2585 590.5001 Tm
(BULLYING AND HAZING AMONG NORWEGIAN ARMY SOLDIERS)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 370.8796 590.5001 Tm
(27)Tj
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9.9999 0 0 9.9999 50 560.0001 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(changed)-236.2(at)-236.1(20%,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
6.8455 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
[(\(631\))-236.2(=)-236.1(0.16,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.4385 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7361 0 TD
[(=)-236.1(.88.)-236.2(Reports)-236.2(of)-236.2(victims)-236.2(being)-236.2(hazed)-236.2(decreased)]TJ
-13.2981 -1.2 TD
[(insignificantly)-334.5(from)-334.4(26%)-334.4(in)-334.3(units)-334.4(using)-334.4(individual)-334.5(replacement)-334.5(to)-334.3(21%)-334.4(in)-334.3(units)]TJ
T*
[(based)-236.2(on)-236.1(cohorts,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
7.1795 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
[(\(633\))-236.2(=)-236.1(1.33,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.9385 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7361 0 TD
[(=)-236.1(.18.)-236.2(However,)-236.3(with)-236.2(the)-236.1(new)-236.2(cohort)-236.2(practice,)]TJ
-14.1321 -1.2 TD
[(13%)-169.9(of)-169.9(soldiers)-169.9(reported)-170(being)-169.9(bullied,)-169.9(compared)-170(to)-169.8(10%)-169.9(in)-169.8(the)-169.8(units)-169.9(using)-169.9(individ)]TJ
32.0668 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1997 TD
[(ual)-154.1(replacement,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
6.6672 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
[(\(644\))-154.2(=)-154.1(1.07,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.1924 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6541 0 TD
[(=)-154.1(.29,)-154.2(and)-154.1(57%)-154.2(of)-154.1(soldiers)-154.2(in)-154.1(the)-154.1(cohort)-154.2(system)-154.2(had)]TJ
-12.7917 -1.2 TD
[(witnessed)-182.5(bullying,)-182.6(compared)-182.6(to)-182.4(45%)-182.5(under)-182.5(the)-182.4(old)-182.4(practice,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
23.9159 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
[(\(644\))-182.5(=)-182.4(2.79,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.2774 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6824 0 TD
[(<)-182.4(.01.)]TJ
-30.1537 -1.2 TD
[(Particularly)-232.8(worrisome)-232.8(is)-232.6(the)-232.7(finding)-232.8(that)-232.7(36%)-232.7(of)-232.7(soldiers)-232.7(in)-232.6(cohort)-232.7(units)-232.7(reported)]TJ
T*
[(witnessing)-151.6(bullying)-151.6(during)-151.6(field)-151.5(maneuvers,)-151.7(compared)-151.6(to)-151.5(only)-151.5(24%)-151.5(in)-151.5(units)-151.5(with)-151.5(in)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1998 TD
(dividual replacement,)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
8.9151 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
(\(322\) = 2.01,)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
5.4802 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.75 0 TD
(< .05.)Tj
-14.2233 -1.2 TD
[(These)-272.5(findings)-272.5(may)-272.4(be)-272.4(due)-272.4(to)-272.4(less)-272.4(group)-272.5(cohesion)-272.5(in)-272.4(the)-272.4(cohort)-272.5(units:)-272.5(15%)-272.5(of)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(the)-180.4(soldiers)-180.5(compared)-180.5(to)-180.3(7%)-180.4(in)-180.3(the)-180.4(old)-180.4(practice)-180.4(reported)-180.5(spending)-180.5(their)-180.4(leisure)-180.4(time)]TJ
T*
[(alone)-232(or)-232(with)-232(people)-232.1(from)-232.1(other)-232.1(units,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
15.2611 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
[(\(600\))-232.1(=)-232(2.74,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.4261 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.732 0 TD
[(<)-232(.01.)-232.1(Another)-232.1(explanation)]TJ
-21.6972 -1.2 TD
[(may)-175.4(be)-175.3(that)-175.4(individual)-175.5(assignment)-175.5(of)-175.4(soldiers)-175.4(to)-175.3(different)-175.5(units)-175.4(disrupts)-175.4(familiarity,)]TJ
T*
[(which)-179.5(apparently)-179.5(is)-179.4(a)-179.4(necessary)-179.5(condition)-179.5(for)-179.4(bullying.)-179.5(Or,)-179.5(perhaps)-179.5(it)-179.4(is)-179.4(less)-179.4(easy)-179.4(to)]TJ
T*
[(mislabel)-215.4(bullying)-215.5(as)-215.4(hazing)-215.4(when)-215.4(there)-215.4(are)-215.4(no)-215.4(senior)-215.4(soldiers)-215.5(present)-215.5(in)-215.4(the)-215.4(unit)-215.4(to)]TJ
T*
(make that explanation plausible.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 61.9999 344.0015 Tm
(High-risk groups.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 149.5715 344.0015 Tm
[(Only)-316.3(5)-316.2(\(1%\))-316.3(soldiers)-316.3(were)-316.3(18-year-olds,)-316.5(but)-316.2(this)-316.2(group)]TJ
-9.9572 -1.2 TD
[(seems)-188.4(to)-188.4(be)-188.4(particularly)-188.5(vulnerable)-188.5(for)-188.4(victimization)-188.5(in)-188.4(the)-188.4(Norwegian)-188.6(Army:)-188.5(40%)]TJ
T*
[(of)-247(them)-247(were)-247.1(bullied,)-247.1(80%)-247(of)-247(them)-247(witnessed)-247.1(bullying,)-247.1(40%)-247(of)-247(them)-247(were)-247.1(hazed,)]TJ
T*
[(but)-160.4(0%)-160.4(of)-160.4(them)-160.4(hazed)-160.4(others.)-160.5(Comparable)-160.5(figures)-160.5(for)-160.4(19-year-olds)-160.6(were)-160.4(12%,)-160.5(52%,)]TJ
T*
[(26%,)-264.3(and)-264.3(21%,)-264.3(respectively,)-264.4(and)-264.3(figures)-264.3(for)-264.3(older)-264.3(age)-264.2(groups)-264.3(were)-264.3(similar)-264.3(to)-264.2(the)]TJ
T*
[(19-year-olds.)-257.9(If)-257.7(18-year-olds)-257.9(are)-257.7(removed,)-257.8(then)-257.7(the)-257.7(correlations)-257.8(between)-257.8(age)-257.7(and)]TJ
T*
[(the)-235.4(measures)-235.5(of)-235.5(victimization)-235.6(are)-235.4(all)-235.4(near)-235.5(zero)-235.5(but)-235.5(are)-235.4(all)-235.4(negative:)-235.5(For)-235.5(being)-235.5(bul-)]TJ
T*
(lied,)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
2.0428 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(673\))-292.9(=)-292.8(.06,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.6085 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7928 0 TD
[(=)-292.8(.15;)-292.9(for)-292.9(witnessing)-292.9(bullying,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
12.5841 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6818 0 TD
[(=)-292.8(.04,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
3.1497 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7928 0 TD
[(=)-292.8(.31;)-292.9(for)-292.9(being)]TJ
-26.0415 -1.2 TD
(hazed,)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
2.7658 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(661\))-183.9(=)-183.8(.06,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.2816 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6838 0 TD
[(=)-183.8(.09;)-183.9(and,)-183.9(interestingly)-184(enough,)-184(for)-183.9(hazing)-183.9(others,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
19.9769 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(660\))-183.9(=)]TJ
-29.4862 -1.2 TD
(.08,)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
2.2173 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7173 0 TD
[(=)-217.3(.05.)-217.4(That)-217.3(is,)-217.3(it)-217.3(tends)-217.3(to)-217.3(be)-217.3(younger)-217.4(soldiers,)-217.4(but)-217.3(not)-217.3(18-year-olds,)-217.5(who)-217.3(do)]TJ
-2.9346 -1.2 TD
(the hazing.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Only)-209.2(6)-209.1(\(1%\))-209.3(soldiers)-209.3(lacked)-209.2(a)-209.1(friend)-209.2(in)-209.1(the)-209.2(first)-209.2(month)-209.2(of)-209.2(service)-209.2(and)-209.2(continued)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(to)-269.7(spend)-269.7(leisure)-269.7(time)-269.7(alone.)-269.7(All)-269.7(of)-269.7(them)-269.7(were)-269.7(bullied,)-269.8(and)-269.7(4)-269.7(o)0(f)-269.7(them)-269.7(were)-269.7(hazed.)]TJ
T*
[(None)-212.1(of)-212.1(these)-212.1(6)-212.1(isolated)-212.1(soldiers)-212.2(were)-212.1(18-year-olds,)-212.3(and)-212.1(social)-212.1(isolation)-212.2(was)-212.1(com)]TJ
32.0667 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0667 -1.2002 TD
[(pletely)-287.6(independent)-287.7(of)-287.6(age,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
11.2313 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(622\))-287.7(=)-287.5(.02,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.0928 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7876 0 TD
[(=)-287.6(.71.)-287.6(Other)-287.6(studies)-287.6(of)-287.6(bullying)-287.7(have)]TJ
-17.5006 -1.2 TD
[(found)-283.7(social)-283.6(isolation)-283.7(to)-283.6(be)-283.6(a)-283.6(risk)-283.6(factor)-283.7(\(Boulton)-283.7(&)-283.6(Underwood,)-283.8(1992;)-283.7(Olweus,)]TJ
T*
[(1993\).)-265.5(However,)-265.5(because)-265.4(87%)-265.4(of)-265.4(the)-265.3(bullied)-265.4(soldiers)-265.4(did)-265.4(have)-265.4(friends)-265.4(during)-265.4(the)]TJ
T*
[(first)-251.1(month)-251.2(of)-251.1(service,)-251.2(and)-251.1(89%)-251.1(of)-251.1(them)-251.1(did)-251.1(spend)-251.1(their)-251.1(leisure)-251.1(time)-251.1(with)-251.1(friends,)]TJ
T*
(social isolation only accounts for a minority of victims.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Female)-245.4(soldiers)-245.4(might)-245.4(be)-245.3(another)-245.4(high-risk)-245.4(group,)-245.4(although)-245.4(an)-245.3(examination)-245.4(of)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(that)-208.9(deserves)-209(separate)-208.9(study)-208.9(because)-208.9(of)-208.9(the)-208.8(need)-208.9(for)-208.9(definitions)-209(and)-208.9(measurements)]TJ
T*
[(that)-217.1(differentiate)-217.2(sexual)-217.1(harassment)-217.2(from)-217.1(bullying)-217.2(and)-217.1(hazing.)-217.2(In)-217.1(a)-217(study)-217.1(of)-217.1(a)-217(U.S.)]TJ
T*
[(Army)-247.1(sample,)-247.1(Rosen)-247.1(and)-247(Martin)-247.1(\(1999\))-247.1(reported)-247.1(that)-247(30%)-247(of)-247(the)-247(women)-247.1(and)-247(8%)]TJ
T*
[(of)-179.9(the)-179.9(men)-179.9(felt)-179.9(themselves)-180(to)-179.9(have)-179.9(been)-179.9(sexually)-180(harassed.)-180(In)-179.9(contrast,)-180(the)-179.9(study)-179.9(re)]TJ
32.067 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
-32.067 52.2497 TD
(26)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 77.1202 590.5001 Tm
(STVIK AND RUDMIN)Tj
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9.9999 0 0 9.9999 58 559.9998 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(typical)-277(and)-277(acceptable)-277(than)-277(the)-276.9(behavior)-277.1(of)-277(others)-277(\(Deutsch,)-277.1(1989;)-277(Mullen)-277(et)-276.9(al.,)]TJ
0 -1.2001 TD
[(1985\).)-249.1(These)-249.1(findings)-249.1(also)-249(suggest)-249.1(that)-249(hazing)-249.1(has)-249(qualities)-249.1(of)-249(a)-249(cultural)-249.1(norm,)-249.1(at)]TJ
T*
[(least)-183.5(within)-183.6(a)-183.5(subculture)-183.6(of)-183.5(soldiers;)-183.6(that)-183.5(is,)-183.5(senior)-183.6(soldiers)-183.6(may)-183.5(be)-183.5(modeling,)-183.7(or)-183.5(in)]TJ
32.0668 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1997 TD
[(formally)-140.2(training)-140.2(recruits,)-140.2(on)-140.1(how)-140.1(to)-140.1(haze.)-140.1(Thus,)-140.2(lack)-140.1(of)-140.1(exposure)-140.2(to)-140.1(hazing)-140.1(may)-140.1(be)-140.1(a)]TJ
0 -1.2001 TD
[(good)-237.6(predictor)-237.7(that)-237.5(soldiers)-237.6(will)-237.6(not)-237.6(engage)-237.6(in)-237.5(hazing)-237.6(themselves.)]TJ
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(The)-225.9(open-ended)-226(descriptions)-226(of)-225.8(hazing)-225.9(incidents)-225.9(were)-225.9(coded)-225.9(into)-225.8(five)-225.9(post)-225.9(hoc)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(categories.)-255.5(Of)-255.3(the)-255.3(total)-255.3(158)-255.3(soldiers)-255.4(who)-255.4(had)-255.3(been)-255.3(hazed,)-255.4(62%)-255.3(described)-255.4(it)-255.3(as)-255.3(se)]TJ
32.067 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1997 TD
[(niors)-237.9(addressing)-238(juniors)-237.9(with)-237.9(the)-237.8(derogatory)-238(expression)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
22.3288 0 TD
(syl,)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.5988 0 TD
[(which)-237.9(means)-237.9(green)]TJ
8.1394 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1998 TD
[(horn)-262(in)-261.9(the)-261.9(Army,)-262.1(and)-262(6%)-262(mentioned)-262.1(seniors)-262(using)-262(their)-262(dog-tag)-262(chain,)-262(called)-262(a)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
0 -1.2 TD
(dimmelenke,)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
5.2542 0 TD
[(to)-228.2(display)-228.2(how)-228.2(many)-228.2(days)-228.2(remained)-228.3(until)-228.2(discharge.)-228.3(Of)-228.2(the)-228.2(total)-228.2(134)]TJ
-5.2542 -1.2 TD
[(soldiers)-286.1(reporting)-286.1(themselves)-286.1(as)-286(hazing)-286.1(others,)-286.1(64%)-286.1(described)-286.1(it)-286(as)-286(saying)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
30.2251 0 TD
(syl)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.397 0 TD
(to)Tj
-31.6221 -1.2 TD
[(new)-176.6(recruits)-176.6(and)-176.5(20%)-176.6(as)-176.5(using)-176.6(the)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
13.3997 0 TD
(dimmelenke.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
5.2026 0 TD
[(Physical)-176.6(acts,)-176.6(such)-176.6(as)-176.5(dumping)-176.7(wa)]TJ
13.4644 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0667 -1.1998 TD
[(ter)-262.2(in)-262.2(a)-262.2(bed)-262.2(or)-262.2(binding)-262.3(recruits)-262.3(with)-262.2(tape,)-262.2(were)-262.2(mentioned)-262.3(by)-262.2(19%)-262.2(of)-262.2(the)-262.2(soldiers)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(who)-231.5(had)-231.5(been)-231.5(hazed)-231.5(and)-231.5(by)-231.4(9%)-231.5(of)-231.5(those)-231.5(hazing)-231.5(others.)-231.5(Overall,)-231.6(victims)-231.5(of)-231.5(hazing)]TJ
T*
[(and)-204.4(perpetrators)-204.6(of)-204.4(hazing)-204.5(had)-204.4(substantial)-204.5(concordance,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
22.175 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(4\))-204.5(=)-204.4(.96,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
3.8433 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7044 0 TD
[(<)-204.4(.01,)-204.5(in)-204.4(their)]TJ
-27.1118 -1.2 TD
(collective reports.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(We)-348.3(might)-348.4(hypothesize)-348.5(that)-348.3(differences)-348.5(in)-348.3(victims)-348.3(and)-348.3(witnesses)-348.3(reports)-348.4(of)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(physical)-215.5(hazing)-215.5(exist)-215.5(because)-215.5(it)-215.4(is)-215.4(more)-215.5(salient)-215.5(for)-215.5(the)-215.5(victims)-215.5(and,)-215.5(thus,)-215.5(easier)-215.5(for)]TJ
T*
[(them)-205.2(to)-205.2(recall)-205.2(because)-205.3(those)-205.2(soldiers)-205.3(physically)-205.3(hazing)-205.2(others)-205.3(underreport)-205.4(it)-205.2(or)-205.2(be-)]TJ
T*
[(cause)-261.6(victims)-261.6(prefer)-261.7(to)-261.6(explain)-261.6(their)-261.6(victimization)-261.7(as)-261.6(hazing)-261.6(rather)-261.6(than)-261.6(bullying.)]TJ
T*
[(For)-306.8(example,)-306.9(the)-306.8(most)-306.8(dramatic)-306.9(report)-306.9(of)-306.8(hazing,)-306.9(given)-306.8(by)-306.8(a)-306.8(victim,)-306.9(was)-306.8(penis)]TJ
T*
[(smeared)-332.6(with)-332.5(dishwasher)-332.6(detergent)-332.6(and)-332.5(caustic)-332.5(soda,)-332.5(repeatedly.)-332.6(However,)-332.6(by)]TJ
T*
[(definition,)-229(this)-228.8(should)-228.9(not)-228.8(be)-228.8(termed)-228.9(an)-228.8(act)-228.8(of)-228.8(hazing)-228.9(because)-228.9(it)-228.8(could)-228.9(not)-228.8(be)-228.8(done)]TJ
T*
(to the whole cohort of recruits and could not be done publicly.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 247.9989 Tm
(Friendships and leisure.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 188.1521 247.9989 Tm
[(Only)-249.9(49)-249.8(\(7%\))-249.9(soldiers)-249.9(reported)-250(that)-249.9(they)-249.9(had)-249.9(not)]TJ
-13.0153 -1.2 TD
[(had)-177.1(a)-177(friend)-177.2(during)-177.2(the)-177.1(first)-177.1(month)-177.1(of)-177.1(military)-177.1(service,)-177.2(and)-177.1(10)-177.1(of)-177.1(these)-177.1(soldiers)-177.2(were)]TJ
T*
[(subsequently)-208.6(bullied,)-208.6(producing)-208.6(a)-208.4(weak)-208.5(but)-208.5(statistically)-208.5(significant)-208.6(correlation)-208.6(be)]TJ
32.0668 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2002 TD
[(tween)-275.5(friendlessness)-275.7(and)-275.5(victimization,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
16.0719 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(686\))-275.6(=)-275.4(.12,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.0565 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7754 0 TD
[(<)-275.4(.01.)-275.5(On)-275.5(the)-275.5(question)-275.6(of)]TJ
-22.2928 -1.2 TD
[(whom)-210.6(they)-210.6(spent)-210.6(leisure)-210.6(time)-210.6(with,)-210.6(48%)-210.6(of)-210.6(the)-210.6(soldiers)-210.6(reported)-210.7(with)-210.6(a)-210.5(roommate,)]TJ
T*
[(56%)-223.3(with)-223.3(someone)-223.4(from)-223.4(their)-223.3(own)-223.4(troop,)-223.4(19%)-223.3(with)-223.3(someone)-223.4(from)-223.4(their)-223.3(own)-223.4(unit,)]TJ
T*
[(10%)-242.1(with)-242.1(someone)-242.1(from)-242.1(another)-242.1(unit,)-242.1(and)-242(1%)-242(alone.)-242.1(Spending)-242.1(leisure)-242.1(time)-242(alone)]TJ
T*
[(was)-170(a)-170(correlate)-170.1(of)-170(being)-170.1(bullied,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
12.6001 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(645\))-170.1(=)-170(.29,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.7401 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.67 0 TD
[(<)-170(.001.)-170.1(Thus,)-170.1(social)-170.1(isolation)-170.1(is)-170(pos)]TJ
13.6679 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2003 TD
(sibly a cause or a consequence of bullying.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 115.9997 Tm
(Assignment practices.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 179.8112 115.9997 Tm
[(The)-405.1(Norwegian)-405.3(Armys)-405.1(new)-405.1(practice)-405.2(of)-405.1(unit)-405.1(re)]TJ
19.8857 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2003 TD
[(placement)-198(allows)-198(cohorts)-198(of)-198(recruits)-198(to)-197.9(stay)-197.9(together)-198(for)-198(the)-197.9(entire)-198(duration)-198(of)-198(their)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(military)-178.8(service.)-178.8(The)-178.7(data)-178.7(show)-178.8(that)-178.7(unit)-178.7(replacement)-178.9(has)-178.7(had)-178.7(little)-178.7(effect)-178.8(on)-178.7(hazing)]TJ
T*
[(but)-207.6(causes)-207.7(an)-207.6(increase)-207.7(in)-207.6(bullying)-207.7(as)-207.6(compared)-207.7(to)-207.6(the)-207.6(old)-207.6(practice)-207.7(of)-207.6(individual)-207.7(as)]TJ
32.067 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2004 TD
[(signment)-184.4(of)-184.3(recruits)-184.4(after)-184.4(basic)-184.4(training.)-184.5(Reports)-184.4(of)-184.3(soldiers)-184.4(hazing)-184.4(others)-184.4(were)-184.4(un)]TJ
32.0668 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 112.2585 590.5001 Tm
(BULLYING AND HAZING AMONG NORWEGIAN ARMY SOLDIERS)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 370.8796 590.5001 Tm
(25)Tj
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/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 50 560.0001 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(incident,)-210.3(and)-210.2(these,)-210.3(almost)-210.3(without)-210.3(exception,)-210.3(made)-210.2(reference)-210.3(to)-210.2(characteristics)-210.4(of)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(the)-174.9(victim.)-175(In)-175(this)-175(study,)-175(25%)-175(of)-175(all)-174.9(victims)-175(and)-175(18%)-175(of)-175(all)-174.9(witnesses)-175.1(mentioned)-175.1(ex)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1996 TD
[(ternal)-188.1(characteristics)-188.2(of)-188(the)-188(victim,)-188.1(including)-188.1(these)-188(categories)-188.1(\(with)-188.1(respective)-188.1(per)]TJ
32.0668 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1997 TD
[(centages)-385.3(for)-385.3(victims)-385.3(and)-385.2(witnesses)-385.3(in)-385.2(parentheses\):)-385.4(appearance)-385.3(and)-385.2(body)-385.3(type)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(\(10%,)-259.4(7%\),)-259.4(regional)-259.4(identity)-259.3(\(10%,)-259.4(5%\),)-259.3(Norwegian)-259.4(accent)-259.3(\(5%,)-259.4(5%\),)-259.3(skin)-259.3(color)]TJ
T*
[(\(0%,)-233.1(2%\),)-233.1(and)-233(gender)-233.1(\(mentioned)-233.1(once)-233(by)-233(one)-233(witness\).)-233.1(Furthermore,)-233.3(11%)-233(of)-233(the)]TJ
T*
[(victims)-153.8(and)-153.7(23%)-153.8(of)-153.7(the)-153.7(witnesses)-153.8(mentioned)-153.8(internal)-153.8(characteristics)-153.9(of)-153.7(the)-153.7(victim)-153.7(as)]TJ
T*
[(causes)-188.1(of)-188(bullying,)-188.2(including)-188.1(these)-188(categories)-188.1(\(with)-188.1(respective)-188.1(percentages)-188.2(for)-188.1(vic)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1998 TD
[(tims)-249(and)-249(witnesses)-249.1(in)-249(parentheses\):)-249.2(personality)-249.2(and)-249(body)-249.1(language)-249.1(\(9%,)-249.1(9%\),)-249.1(be)]TJ
32.067 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1998 TD
[(havior)-346.4(\(1%,)-346.4(6%\),)-346.4(hygiene)-346.4(\(0%,)-346.4(2%\),)-346.4(incompetence)-346.5(\(0%,)-346.4(2%\),)-346.4(low)-346.3(intelligence)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
(\(0%, 2%\), tastes in music \(1%, 1%\), and opinions and attitudes \(0%, 1%\).)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Victims)-276.2(and)-276.2(witnesses)-276.2(explanations)-276.4(of)-276.2(bullying)-276.3(never)-276.3(made)-276.3(reference)-276.3(to)-276.2(the)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(bullies)-183.3(personality)-183.4(traits)-183.3(or)-183.3(to)-183.3(the)-183.3(bullies)-183.3(motives.)-183.4(Perhaps)-183.4(this)-183.3(arises)-183.4(from)-183.4(beliefs)]TJ
T*
[(that)-475.6(there)-475.6(is)-475.6(a)-475.6(typical)-475.6(victim)-475.6(personality)-475.7(but)-475.6(not)-475.6(a)-475.6(bully)-475.6(personality)-475.7(\(Siann,)]TJ
T*
[(Callaghan,)-212.8(Lockhart,)-212.9(&)-212.7(Rawson,)-212.8(1993\).)-212.8(Not)-212.7(one)-212.7(comment)-212.8(described)-212.8(bully)-212.7(behav)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1999 TD
[(ior)-346.3(in)-346.3(positive)-346.3(terms,)-346.4(for)-346.3(example,)-346.4(as)-346.3(leadership.)-346.4(Hazing)-346.3(was)-346.3(mentioned)-346.4(as)-346.3(the)]TJ
T*
[(cause)-180.3(of)-180.3(bullying)-180.3(by)-180.3(9%)-180.3(of)-180.3(the)-180.2(victims)-180.3(and)-180.3(3%)-180.3(of)-180.3(the)-180.2(witnesses,)-180.4(again)-180.3(showing)-180.4(that)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(bullying)-360.3(and)-360.2(hazing)-360.3(can)-360.2(be)-360.2(confounded.)-360.4(The)-360.2(remarkably)-360.4(strong)-360.3(agreement)-360.3(be-)]TJ
T*
[(tween)-279.4(victims)-279.4(and)-279.3(witnesses)-279.4(concerning)-279.5(the)-279.3(persons)-279.4(involved,)-279.5(the)-279.3(locations,)-279.4(and)]TJ
T*
[(the)-241.5(types)-241.5(of)-241.5(bullying)-241.6(was)-241.5(considerably)-241.6(weaker)-241.6(concerning)-241.6(the)-241.5(causes)-241.5(of)-241.5(bullying.)]TJ
T*
[(Victimwitness)-280.2(concordance)-280.2(on)-280(the)-280(causes)-280(of)-280(bullying)-280.1(dropped,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
26.0971 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(13\))-280.1(=)-280(.74,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.5701 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.78 0 TD
(<)Tj
-31.8361 -1.2 TD
[(.01.)-218.5(Whereas)-218.5(witnesses)-218.5(mentioned)-218.6(internal)-218.5(characteristics)-218.6(of)-218.4(the)-218.4(victim)-218.5(more)-218.5(than)]TJ
T*
[(twice)-276.6(as)-276.6(often)-276.6(as)-276.6(did)-276.6(the)-276.6(victims)-276.6(themselves,)-276.7(victims)-276.6(more)-276.6(frequently)-276.7(mentioned)]TJ
T*
[(their)-221.6(external)-221.6(characteristics)-221.7(as)-221.5(the)-221.5(cause)-221.5(of)-221.5(the)-221.5(bullying.)-221.7(These)-221.6(results)-221.6(are)-221.5(consis-)]TJ
T*
[(tent)-204(with)-204.1(the)-204(FEA:)-204.1(We)-204(tend)-204.1(to)-204(attribute)-204.1(causation)-204.1(to)-204(individuals,)-204.2(especially)-204.1(to)-204(their)]TJ
T*
[(internal)-297.2(characteristics,)-297.3(and)-297.1(observers)-297.3(tend)-297.1(do)-297.1(this)-297.1(more)-297.2(readily)-297.2(than)-297.1(the)-297.1(partici)]TJ
32.067 0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2001 TD
(pants themselves \(Ichheiser, 1949; Ross, 1977\).)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 61.9999 212.0026 Tm
(Hazing.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 107.9005 212.0026 Tm
[(Although)-344.1(hazing)-344.1(happened)-344.1(more)-344.1(frequently)-344.2(than)-344(bullying,)-344.1(it)-344(was)]TJ
-5.7901 -1.2 TD
[(still)-240.4(a)-240.4(minority)-240.5(phenomenon:)-240.6(A)-240.4(total)-240.4(of)-240.4(158)-240.4(\(22%\))-240.5(soldiers)-240.5(reported)-240.5(that)-240.4(they)-240.4(had)]TJ
T*
[(been)-199.8(hazed,)-199.9(and)-199.8(134)-199.8(\(19%\))-199.9(reported)-199.9(that)-199.8(they)-199.8(had)-199.8(hazed)-199.8(others.)-199.9(Of)-199.8(those)-199.8(doing)-199.8(the)]TJ
T*
[(hazing,)-239.8(51%)-239.8(did)-239.8(it)-239.7(to)-239.7(someone)-239.8(in)-239.7(another)-239.8(unit,)-239.8(28%)-239.8(to)-239.7(someone)-239.8(in)-239.7(their)-239.8(own)-239.8(unit,)]TJ
T*
[(and)-175.2(12%)-175.2(in)-175.1(their)-175.2(own)-175.2(and)-175.2(other)-175.2(units.)-175.2(Thus,)-175.2(hazing)-175.2(differs)-175.2(from)-175.2(bullying)-175.2(by)-175.1(the)-175.1(fre)]TJ
32.067 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2003 TD
[(quency)-161.7(with)-161.7(which)-161.7(it)-161.6(is)-161.6(done)-161.7(to)-161.6(strangers.)-161.8(Reports)-161.7(of)-161.6(being)-161.7(hazed)-161.7(correlated)-161.7(weakly)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
(with reports of being bullied,)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
11.8882 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
(\(684\) = .13,)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
4.9802 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.75 0 TD
(< .001.)Tj
-16.8074 -1.2 TD
[(Of)-171.8(the)-171.7(total)-171.7(sample,)-171.8(46%)-171.8(believed)-171.8(that)-171.7(most)-171.8(seniors)-171.8(in)-171.7(the)-171.7(military)-171.8(service)-171.8(hazed)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(new)-387.8(recruitsa)-387.9(belief)-387.8(that)-387.8(was)-387.8(positively)-387.9(correlated)-387.9(with)-387.8(perpetrating)-388(hazing,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
T*
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(672\))-167.3(=)-167.2(.40,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.7317 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6672 0 TD
[(<)-167.2(.001,)-167.3(and)-167.2(with)-167.2(being)-167.3(hazed,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
11.5933 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(670\))-167.3(=)-167.2(.26,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.7317 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6672 0 TD
[(<)-167.2(.001,)-167.3(which)-167.3(were)-167.3(also)]TJ
-23.1691 -1.2 TD
[(correlated)-268(with)-268(each)-267.9(other,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
10.9847 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(674\))-268(=)-267.9(.30,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.0338 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7679 0 TD
[(<)-267.9(.001.)-268(This)-268(replicates)-268(Baier)-268(and)-267.9(Wil)]TJ
14.8913 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0667 -1.2004 TD
[(liamss)-131(\(1983\))-131.1(finding)-131.1(in)-131(fraternity)-131.1(hazing)-131.1(and)-131(accords)-131.1(with)-131(the)-131(cognitive)-131.1(bias)-131(called)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(the)-244.2(false)-244.2(consensus)-244.3(effect,)-244.3(namely,)-244.3(that)-244.2(ones)-244.2(own)-244.2(behavior)-244.3(is)-244.2(considered)-244.3(more)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
0 52.2502 TD
(24)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 77.1202 590.5001 Tm
(STVIK AND RUDMIN)Tj
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/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 58 559.9998 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(came)-221.7(from)-221.7(another)-221.7(unit,)-221.7(and)-221.6(a)-221.6(mere)-221.7(1%)-221.6(of)-221.6(the)-221.6(victims)-221.7(and)-221.6(1%)-221.6(of)-221.6(the)-221.6(witnesses)-221.7(re)]TJ
32.0668 -0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1996 TD
[(ported)-193.3(that)-193.2(they)-193.2(did)-193.2(not)-193.3(know)-193.3(the)-193.2(bullies)-193.2(relationship)-193.4(to)-193.2(the)-193.2(victim.)-193.3(Clearly,)-193.3(bully)]TJ
32.0667 -0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0667 -1.1996 TD
[(ing)-277.1(is)-277.1(a)-277(function)-277.2(of)-277.1(familiarity)-277.2(or)-277.1(frequency)-277.2(of)-277.1(contact,)-277.2(as)-277.1(shown)-277.2(by)-277.1(the)-277.1(fact)-277.1(that)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(bullies)-190(are)-189.9(known)-190(to)-189.9(the)-189.9(victims)-190(and)-190(the)-189.9(witnesses)-190.1(and)-190(are)-190(known)-190(to)-189.9(come)-190(from)-190(the)]TJ
T*
(victims own operational unit or living quarters.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(The)-215.3(concordance)-215.4(between)-215.3(victims)-215.2(and)-215.2(witnesses)-215.2(collective)-215.3(reports)-215.3(for)-215.3(the)-215.2(six)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(location)-207.9(categories,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
7.9416 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(6\))-207.8(=)-207.8(.98,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
3.8535 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7078 0 TD
[(<)-207.8(.01,)-207.9(and)-207.8(for)-207.8(the)-207.8(five)-207.8(bully)-207.8(categories,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
15.4734 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(5\))-207.8(=)-207.8(.98,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
-28.7543 -1.2 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6828 0 TD
[(<)-182.8(.01,)-182.8(is)-182.7(a)-182.7(basis)-182.8(for)-182.8(confidence)-182.9(in)-182.8(the)-182.8(reliability)-182.9(of)-182.8(these)-182.8(reports.)-182.9(The)-182.8(high)-182.8(similar)]TJ
31.3843 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1998 TD
[(ity)-228.2(between)-228.3(victims)-228.2(and)-228.2(witnesses)-228.2(reports)-228.3(would)-228.3(also)-228.2(arise)-228.2(if)-228.2(some)-228.2(victims)-228.2(were)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(presenting)-284.4(themselves)-284.4(as)-284.3(witnesses)-284.4(because)-284.4(they)-284.3(were)-284.4(hesitant)-284.4(to)-284.3(admit)-284.4(to)-284.3(being)]TJ
T*
[(victims)-202.2(of)-202.2(bullying.)-202.3(If)-202.2(this)-202.2(were)-202.2(happening)-202.3(to)-202.1(any)-202.2(great)-202.2(extent,)-202.2(then)-202.2(the)-202.2(prevalence)]TJ
T*
(rate reported here would be an underestimation.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Of)-373.4(particular)-373.5(concern)-373.5(is)-373.4(that)-373.4(bullying)-373.5(was)-373.4(reported)-373.5(during)-373.5(field)-373.4(maneuvers,)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(where)-206.5(it)-206.4(would)-206.5(seem)-206.4(most)-206.5(dangerous)-206.6(due)-206.4(to)-206.4(the)-206.4(availability)-206.5(of)-206.4(weapons)-206.5(and)-206.4(heavy)]TJ
T*
[(equipment)-279.4(and)-279.3(where)-279.4(it)-279.3(would)-279.4(risk)-279.3(degrading)-279.4(the)-279.3(performance)-279.5(of)-279.3(individual)-279.4(sol)]TJ
32.067 -0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1999 TD
[(diers)-243.2(and)-243.2(whole)-243.3(military)-243.3(units.)-243.3(Considering)-243.4(that)-243.2(maneuvers)-243.3(account)-243.3(for)-243.3(relatively)]TJ
T*
[(little)-263.1(of)-263.1(a)-263(soldiers)-263.1(total)-263.1(service)-263.1(time,)-263.1(the)-263.1(rate)-263.1(of)-263.1(bullying)-263.2(per)-263.1(unit)-263.1(of)-263.1(time)-263.1(may)-263.1(be)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
(higher during maneuvers than during routine base activities.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 320.0017 Tm
(Descriptions of bullying.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 187.5917 320.0017 Tm
[(Descriptions)-366.5(of)-366.4(bullying)-366.5(incidents)-366.5(were)-366.4(written)]TJ
-12.9593 -1.2 TD
[(by)-197.3(71)-197.3(victims,)-197.4(comprising)-197.4(86%)-197.3(of)-197.3(the)-197.3(total)-197.3(81)-197.3(victims,)-197.4(and)-197.3(by)-197.3(297)-197.3(witnesses,)-197.4(com-)]TJ
T*
[(prising)-221.4(80%)-221.4(of)-221.4(the)-221.3(total)-221.4(373)-221.4(witnesses.)-221.5(These)-221.4(open-ended)-221.5(reports)-221.4(were)-221.4(coded)-221.4(into)]TJ
T*
[(post)-203(hoc)-202.9(categories)-203(of)-202.9(perceived)-203(acts)-202.9(of)-202.9(bullying)-203(and)-202.9(perceived)-203(causes)-203(of)-202.9(bullying.)]TJ
T*
[(Two)-230.7(independent)-230.8(Norwegian)-230.9(coders)-230.8(each)-230.7(categorized)-230.8(victims)-230.7(and)-230.7(witnesses)-230.7(a)0(c-)]TJ
T*
[(counts)-149.1(separately,)-149.2(and)-149(disagreements)-149.2(between)-149.1(coders)-149.1(were)-149.1(resolved)-149.1(by)-149(discussion.)]TJ
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Eight)-177.6(general)-177.6(types)-177.6(of)-177.5(bullying)-177.6(were)-177.6(identified)-177.6(in)-177.5(these)-177.6(descriptions.)-177.7(Verbal)-177.6(and)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(psychological)-343.2(abuse)-343.1(was)-343(mentioned)-343.1(by)-343(31%)-343.1(of)-343(all)-343(victims)-343.1(and)-343(34%)-343.1(of)-343(all)-343(wit)]TJ
32.0669 0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2001 TD
[(nesses.)-177.7(Indirect)-177.7(harm,)-177.7(such)-177.6(as)-177.6(slander,)-177.7(was)-177.6(mentioned)-177.7(by)-177.6(9%)-177.6(of)-177.6(the)-177.6(victims)-177.7(and)-177.6(7%)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(of)-255.4(the)-255.4(witnesses.)-255.5(Forms)-255.5(of)-255.4(physical)-255.5(assault)-255.4(were)-255.4(mentioned)-255.5(by)-255.4(9%)-255.4(of)-255.4(the)-255.4(victims)]TJ
T*
[(and)-235.5(8%)-235.5(of)-235.5(the)-235.4(witnesses,)-235.6(and)-235.5(property)-235.6(damage)-235.5(was)-235.5(mentioned)-235.6(by)-235.4(7%)-235.5(and)-235.5(4%,)-235.5(re)]TJ
32.0669 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2002 TD
[(spectively.)-225.7(Bullying)-225.6(was)-225.6(described)-225.7(as)-225.5(harassment)-225.7(by)-225.5(7%)-225.6(of)-225.6(the)-225.5(victims)-225.6(and)-225.6(5%)-225.6(of)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(the)-209.6(witnesses;)-209.7(as)-209.6(practical)-209.7(jokes)-209.6(by)-209.6(5%)-209.6(and)-209.6(3%,)-209.7(respectively;)-209.7(as)-209.6(hazing)-209.6(by)-209.6(2%)-209.6(and)]TJ
T*
[(3%,)-246.8(respectively;)-246.8(and)-246.7(as)-246.7(sexual)-246.7(harassment)-246.8(by)-246.7(1%)-246.7(of)-246.7(both)-246.7(victims)-246.7(and)-246.7(witnesses.)]TJ
T*
[(That)-263(some)-263(soldiers)-263.1(used)-263(the)-263(Norwegian)-263.2(word)-263.1(for)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
19.878 0 TD
(hazing,)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.18 0 TD
[(when)-263(asked)-263(to)-263(describe)]TJ
-23.058 -1.2 TD
[(bullying,)-257.3(demonstrates)-257.3(that)-257.1(these)-257.1(behaviors)-257.3(can)-257.1(be)-257.1(confounded.)-257.3(Victims)-257.2(and)-257.1(wit)]TJ
32.067 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2003 TD
[(nesses,)-265.6(independently)-265.7(reporting)-265.6(on)-265.5(a)-265.5(diversity)-265.6(of)-265.5(self-selected)-265.7(incidents)-265.6(of)-265.5(bully)]TJ
32.0669 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2003 TD
(ing, had high concordance in their collective reports,)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
21.3293 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
(\(8\) = .99,)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
3.9802 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.75 0 TD
(< .001.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 80.0034 Tm
(Perceived causes of bullying.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 211.502 80.0034 Tm
[(The)-485.5(victims)-485.4(and)-485.5(witnesses)-485.4(open-ended)]TJ
-15.3504 -1.2 TD
[(descriptions)-214.4(of)-214.3(bullying)-214.4(often)-214.3(mentioned)-214.4(what)-214.3(they)-214.3(thought)-214.4(were)-214.3(the)-214.3(causes)-214.3(of)-214.3(the)]TJ
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 112.2585 590.5001 Tm
(BULLYING AND HAZING AMONG NORWEGIAN ARMY SOLDIERS)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 370.8796 590.5001 Tm
(23)Tj
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BT
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 50 560.0001 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(bullying)-228.1(in)-228(the)-228(Army,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
8.8291 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(672\))-228.1(=)-228(.13,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.9141 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.728 0 TD
[(<)-228(.001,)-228.1(which)-228.1(suggests)-228.1(that)-228(prior)-228.1(experience)]TJ
-14.8602 -1.2 TD
(with bullying sensitizes people or makes them more likely to report bullying.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Of)-198.7(the)-198.7(230)-198.7(young)-198.8(adults)-198.7(in)-198.7(this)-198.7(study)-198.7(who)-198.7(reported)-198.8(that)-198.7(they)-198.7(had)-198.7(been)-198.7(bullied)-198.7(in)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(earlier)-215.6(contexts,)-215.6(82%)-215.6(of)-215.5(them)-215.5(were)-215.6(not)-215.5(revictimized)-215.6(in)-215.5(the)-215.5(Army.)-215.6(Of)-215.5(the)-215.5(81)-215.5(young)]TJ
T*
[(adults)-227.5(who)-227.5(were)-227.5(bullied)-227.5(in)-227.4(the)-227.4(Army,)-227.6(50%)-227.5(of)-227.5(them)-227.5(had)-227.5(never)-227.5(been)-227.5(bullied)-227.5(before.)]TJ
T*
[(These)-181.4(facts)-181.4(all)-181.3(argue)-181.4(strongly)-181.4(against)-181.4(beliefs)-181.4(and)-181.3(theories)-181.4(that)-181.3(bullying)-181.4(is)-181.3(somehow)]TJ
T*
[(caused)-240.4(by)-240.3(the)-240.3(victims)-240.3(personality,)-240.5(mannerisms,)-240.5(habits,)-240.4(speech,)-240.4(looks,)-240.4(body)-240.4(type,)]TJ
T*
(or other enduring traits that would be constant in all contexts.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 61.9999 440.0008 Tm
(Contexts of bullying.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 164.0412 440.0008 Tm
[(The)-436.4(question)-436.5(of)-436.4(when)-436.5(bullying)-436.5(happened)-436.5(was)-436.4(an)]TJ
20.6627 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1998 TD
[(swered)-256.7(by)-256.6(only)-256.6(28%)-256.7(of)-256.6(the)-256.6(victims:)-256.7(3)-256.6(people)-256.7(reported)-256.7(that)-256.6(it)-256.6(had)-256.6(happened)-256.7(in)-256.6(the)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(first)-157.5(6)-157.4(weeks)-157.5(of)-157.5(service,)-157.6(10)-157.5(people)-157.5(between)-157.5(6)-157.4(weeks)-157.5(and)-157.5(7)-157.4(months,)-157.6(and)-157.5(10)-157.5(people)-157.5(af)]TJ
32.067 -0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1999 TD
[(ter)-154.3(7)-154.2(months.)-154.4(Other)-154.3(studies)-154.3(have)-154.3(also)-154.3(found)-154.3(that)-154.3(bullying)-154.4(is)-154.2(less)-154.3(likely)-154.3(to)-154.2(occur)-154.3(when)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(people)-529.4(are)-529.4(unfamiliar)-529.5(with)-529.4(their)-529.4(social)-529.4(context)-529.4(or)-529.4(with)-529.4(each)-529.4(other)-529.4(\(Lewin,)]TJ
T*
0.01 Tc
[(1939/1997b;)-352.9(Power,)-352.9(Dyson,)-352.9(&)-352.9(Wozniak,)-352.9(1997\).)-352.9(However,)-352.9(the)-352.9(evidence)-352.9(here,)]TJ
T*
[(based)-178.1(on)-178.1(retrospective)-178.1(reports,)-178.1(is)-178.1(tentative)-178.1(because)-178.1(there)-178.1(appear)-178.1(to)-178.1(be)-178.1(memory)-178.1(re-)]TJ
T*
[(cency)-250(effects.)]TJ
1.2 -1.2 TD
0 Tc
[(The)-246.6(location)-246.6(of)-246.6(where)-246.6(bullying)-246.6(took)-246.6(place)-246.6(was)-246.6(reported)-246.7(by)-246.6(91%)-246.6(of)-246.6(the)-246.5(victims)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(and)-225.3(92%)-225.3(of)-225.3(the)-225.3(witnesses.)-225.4(The)-225.3(relationship)-225.4(of)-225.3(the)-225.3(bully)-225.3(to)-225.3(the)-225.3(victim)-225.3(was)-225.3(reported)]TJ
T*
[(by)-185.1(98%)-185.1(of)-185.1(the)-185.1(victims)-185.1(and)-185.1(99%)-185.1(of)-185.1(the)-185.1(witnesses.)-185.2(Thus,)-185.2(retrospective)-185.2(or)-185.1(reconstruc-)]TJ
T*
[(tive)-186.3(memory)-186.4(of)-186.3(bullying)-186.4(seems)-186.3(weakest)-186.4(for)-186.3(when)-186.3(it)-186.3(happened,)-186.4(better)-186.3(for)-186.3(the)-186.3(setting)]TJ
T*
[(where)-228.1(it)-228(happened,)-228.2(and)-228(best)-228(when)-228.1(referring)-228.2(to)-228(the)-228(people)-228.1(who)-228.1(were)-228.1(involved.)-228.2(The)]TJ
T*
(reasons for this are open to question.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Victims)-324.5(and)-324.4(witnesses)-324.5(independently)-324.6(reported)-324.5(diverse)-324.5(and)-324.4(self-selected)-324.5(inci-)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(dents)-231(of)-230.9(bullying,)-231.1(sometimes)-231(referring)-231.1(to)-230.9(single)-231(events)-231(and)-230.9(sometimes)-231(to)-230.9(multiple)]TJ
T*
[(events.)-184.3(Nevertheless,)-184.4(their)-184.2(collective)-184.3(reports)-184.3(show)-184.2(the)-184.2(same)-184.2(general)-184.3(patterns.)-184.3(First,)]TJ
T*
[(63%)-189.7(of)-189.7(the)-189.7(victims)-189.7(and)-189.7(62%)-189.7(of)-189.7(the)-189.7(witnesses)-189.8(reported)-189.8(bullying)-189.8(in)-189.6(the)-189.7(barracks,)-189.8(and)]TJ
T*
[(49%)-247.3(of)-247.2(the)-247.2(victims)-247.3(and)-247.2(59%)-247.3(of)-247.2(the)-247.2(witnesses)-247.3(reported)-247.3(that)-247.2(it)-247.2(had)-247.2(occurred)-247.3(during)]TJ
T*
[(daytime)-207.5(service.)-207.5(Bullying)-207.5(during)-207.5(field)-207.5(maneuvers)-207.6(was)-207.5(reported)-207.5(by)-207.4(32%)-207.5(of)-207.4(the)-207.4(vic)]TJ
32.067 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2002 TD
[(tims)-272.7(and)-272.7(by)-272.7(29%)-272.7(of)-272.7(the)-272.7(witnesses.)-272.8(Reports)-272.7(of)-272.7(bullying)-272.8(in)-272.6(the)-272.7(public)-272.7(dining)-272.7(room)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(came)-304.8(from)-304.9(21%)-304.8(of)-304.8(the)-304.8(victims)-304.9(and)-304.8(20%)-304.8(of)-304.8(the)-304.8(witnesses,)-304.9(and)-304.8(in)-304.8(the)-304.8(after-hours)]TJ
T*
[(cantina,)-223.5(from)-223.4(9%)-223.4(and)-223.4(11%,)-223.5(respectively.)-223.5(Finally,)-223.5(7%)-223.4(of)-223.4(the)-223.4(victims)-223.4(and)-223.4(8%)-223.4(of)-223.4(the)]TJ
T*
(witnesses selected a miscellaneous category of bullying happening elsewhere.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(There)-319.4(was)-319.4(similarly)-319.4(strong)-319.4(concordance)-319.5(between)-319.4(victims)-319.3(and)-319.4(witnesses)-319.3(r)0(e)]TJ
30.8669 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2003 TD
[(ports)-242.9(about)-242.9(the)-242.9(relationship)-243(of)-242.9(the)-242.9(bullies)-242.9(to)-242.8(the)-242.9(victims.)-243(First,)-243(58%)-242.9(of)-242.9(the)-242.9(victims)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(and)-326(67%)-326(of)-326(the)-326(witnesses)-326.1(reported)-326.1(that)-326(the)-326(bullies)-326.1(came)-326(from)-326.1(the)-326(victims)-326(own)]TJ
T*
[(troop,)-200.2(and)-200.1(23%)-200.1(and)-200.1(25%,)-200.2(respectively,)-200.3(reported)-200.2(that)-200.1(the)-200.1(bullies)-200.1(came)-200.1(from)-200.1(the)-200.1(vic)]TJ
32.067 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2003 TD
[(tims)-214(own)-214(unit)-214(in)-213.9(the)-213.9(troop.)-214.1(A)-213.9(high)-214(degree)-214(of)-214(familiarity)-214.1(or)-214(intensity)-214(of)-214(contact)-214(be)]TJ
32.067 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2004 TD
[(tween)-230.7(bullies)-230.7(and)-230.6(victims)-230.7(is)-230.6(shown)-230.7(further)-230.7(by)-230.6(the)-230.6(fact)-230.6(that)-230.6(48%)-230.7(of)-230.6(the)-230.6(victims)-230.7(and)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(41%)-257.6(of)-257.6(the)-257.5(witnesses)-257.7(reported)-257.7(that)-257.6(bullying)-257.6(was)-257.6(done)-257.6(by)-257.5(the)-257.5(victims)-257.6(own)-257.6(room)]TJ
32.0669 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2004 TD
[(mates.)-257.1(Only)-257.1(12%)-257.1(of)-257(the)-257(victims)-257.1(and)-257(8%)-257(of)-257(the)-257(witnesses)-257.1(reported)-257.1(that)-257(the)-257(bullies)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
0 52.2502 TD
(22)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 77.1202 590.5001 Tm
(STVIK AND RUDMIN)Tj
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/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 58 560.0001 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(scriptions)-212.2(of)-212.1(what)-212.1(happened)-212.2(if)-212.1(the)-212.1(respondent)-212.2(had)-212.1(\(a\))-212.1(witnessed)-212.2(bullying,)-212.2(\(b\))-212.1(been)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
(bullied, \(c\) been hazed, or \(d\) hazed others.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(No)-240.8(definitions)-241(of)-240.8(bullying)-240.9(or)-240.8(hazing)-240.9(were)-240.9(imposed)-240.9(on)-240.8(the)-240.8(participants)-241(because)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(the)-237.4(intention)-237.5(of)-237.4(the)-237.4(study)-237.5(was)-237.5(to)-237.4(objectively)-237.5(understand)-237.6(the)-237.4(soldiers)-237.4(own)-237.5(percep)]TJ
32.0668 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1997 TD
[(tions)-253.7(and)-253.7(classifications)-253.9(of)-253.7(these)-253.7(phenomena.)-253.9(Soldiers)-253.8(were)-253.7(not)-253.7(asked)-253.7(if)-253.7(they)-253.7(had)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(been)-374(bullies)-374.1(because)-374.1(it)-374(was)-374.1(considered)-374.2(unethical)-374.1(to)-374(seek)-374(self-incriminating)-374.3(re)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1997 TD
[(sponses.)-251.7(The)-251.6(questionnaire)-251.7(was)-251.6(approved)-251.7(by)-251.6(military)-251.6(psychologists)-251.8(and)-251.6(adminis)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1997 TD
(trative staff at the base.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 452.001 Tm
(Procedure.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 130.9107 452.001 Tm
[(One)-185.4(thousand)-185.4(questionnaires)-185.5(were)-185.4(distributed)-185.5(to)-185.3(one)-185.3(third)-185.4(of)-185.3(the)]TJ
-7.2911 -1.2 TD
[(soldiers)-169.8(in)-169.7(each)-169.7(of)-169.7(the)-169.7(12)-169.7(military)-169.8(units)-169.8(in)-169.7(Bardufoss,)-169.9(Norway.)-169.9(Within)-169.8(each)-169.7(unit,)-169.8(of)]TJ
32.067 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1998 TD
[(ficers)-226.5(decided)-226.5(which)-226.5(groups)-226.6(would)-226.5(receive)-226.5(the)-226.4(questionnaire,)-226.7(which)-226.5(may)-226.5(have)-226.5(bi)]TJ
32.0668 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1998 TD
[(ased)-296.9(the)-296.9(sample)-297(toward)-297(an)-296.9(underestimation)-297.1(of)-296.9(bullying.)-297.1(The)-296.9(most)-297(frequently)-297.1(re)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1999 TD
[(ported)-203.9(selection)-203.9(criteria)-203.9(were)-203.9(practical)-203.9(concerns,)-204(such)-203.9(as,)-203.9(other)-203.9(troops)-203.9(being)-203.9(busy)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
(at that time, or this troop has not participated in other surveys.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(With)-315.1(the)-315(questionnaire)-315.2(came)-315.1(an)-315(envelope)-315.1(and)-315(an)-315(instruction)-315.2(page)-315.1(explaining)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(that)-286.8(participation)-287(was)-286.9(voluntary)-287(and)-286.8(anonymous,)-287(the)-286.8(questionnaire)-287(was)-286.9(to)-286.8(be)-286.8(re-)]TJ
T*
[(turned)-234.4(in)-234.3(a)-234.3(sealed)-234.4(envelope,)-234.5(and)-234.3(it)-234.3(was)-234.4(permissible)-234.5(to)-234.3(return)-234.4(an)-234.3(unanswered)-234.5(ques-)]TJ
T*
[(tionnaire.)-254.1(Soldiers)-253.9(names)-254(were)-254(not)-253.9(recorded)-254(at)-253.9(any)-253.9(point)-254(during)-254(the)-253.9(distribution,)]TJ
T*
(response, or return of the questionnaires.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 308.0021 Tm
(Sample.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 118.6804 308.0021 Tm
[(The)-162.4(return)-162.5(rate)-162.4(differed)-162.5(for)-162.5(the)-162.4(12)-162.4(units,)-162.5(ranging)-162.5(from)-162.5(40%)-162.5(to)-162.4(100%.)]TJ
-6.0681 -1.2 TD
[(Only)-254.1(8)-254(\(1%\))-254.1(of)-254(the)-254(questionnaires)-254.2(were)-254.1(returned)-254.1(blank,)-254.1(696)-254(\(70%\))-254.1(were)-254.1(returned)]TJ
T*
[(completed,)-267(and)-266.8(the)-266.8(remaining)-266.9(296)-266.8(\(29%\))-266.9(were)-266.9(not)-266.8(returned.)-267(Of)-266.9(those)-266.9(answering,)]TJ
T*
[(666)-201.8(were)-201.8(men,)-201.9(14)-201.8(were)-201.8(women,)-201.9(and)-201.8(16)-201.8(were)-201.8(unidentified.)-202(Mean)-201.8(age)-201.8(of)-201.8(the)-201.8(sample)]TJ
T*
[(was)-209.3(20)-209.3(years)-209.3(of)-209.3(age,)-209.3(ranging)-209.4(from)-209.3(18)-209.3(to)-209.3(27)-209.3(years)-209.3(old;)-209.3(94%)-209.3(of)-209.3(the)-209.3(sample)-209.3(was)-209.3(19)-209.3(to)]TJ
T*
[(22)-174.2(years)-174.2(old.)-174.2(At)-174.2(the)-174.2(time)-174.2(of)-174.2(the)-174.2(survey,)-174.3(81%)-174.2(of)-174.2(the)-174.2(soldiers)-174.3(had)-174.2(spent)-174.2(between)-174.3(9)-174.2(and)]TJ
T*
[(12)-211.5(months)-211.6(in)-211.5(the)-211.5(Army)-211.6(and)-211.5(were,)-211.6(thus,)-211.6(nearing)-211.6(the)-211.5(end)-211.5(of)-211.5(their)-211.6(compulsory)-211.7(1-year)]TJ
T*
[(service.)-299(Sixty-five)-299.1(percent)-299(had)-298.9(continued)-299(with)-298.9(their)-298.9(training)-299(cohort)-299(according)-299(to)]TJ
T*
[(Norways)-216.8(new)-216.9(assignment)-217(practice)-216.9(of)-216.9(unit)-216.9(replacement,)-217(28%)-216.9(had)-216.9(been)-216.9(sent)-216.9(to)-216.8(dif)]TJ
32.0669 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2002 TD
[(ferent)-240.8(units)-240.7(according)-240.8(to)-240.7(Norways)-240.7(old)-240.7(assignment)-240.8(practice)-240.8(of)-240.7(individual)-240.8(replace)]TJ
32.0669 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2002 TD
(ment, and 7% did not report on their assignment.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0 -3.6 TD
(Results and Discussion)Tj
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 69.9999 128.0033 Tm
(Prevalence of bullying.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 182.6016 128.0033 Tm
[(A)-222.1(total)-222.1(of)-222.1(81)-222.1(\(12%\))-222.2(respondents)-222.3(reported)-222.2(that)-222.1(they)]TJ
-12.4603 -1.2 TD
[(had)-253.2(been)-253.2(bullied)-253.2(by)-253.2(other)-253.2(soldiers)-253.2(in)-253.1(the)-253.2(Army,)-253.3(and)-253.2(373)-253.2(\(53%\))-253.3(reported)-253.3(that)-253.2(they)]TJ
T*
[(had)-306.9(witnessed)-307(bullying)-307(in)-306.9(the)-306.9(Army.)-307.1(These)-307(retrospective)-307.1(reports)-307(by)-306.9(victims)-307(and)]TJ
T*
[(witnesses)-169.6(may)-169.5(or)-169.5(may)-169.5(not)-169.5(refer)-169.6(to)-169.5(the)-169.5(same)-169.5(events.)-169.6(A)-169.5(total)-169.5(of)-169.5(230)-169.5(\(33%\))-169.6(soldiers)-169.6(re)]TJ
32.0668 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2004 TD
[(ported)-200.4(that)-200.3(they)-200.3(had)-200.3(been)-200.3(bullied)-200.4(earlier)-200.4(in)-200.3(life.)-200.4(That)-200.4(experience)-200.4(was)-200.3(weakly)-200.4(corre)]TJ
32.0668 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2004 TD
[(lated)-260.8(with)-260.8(being)-260.9(bullied)-260.9(in)-260.8(the)-260.8(Army,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
15.1306 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.389 0 TD
[(\(672\))-260.9(=)-260.8(.13,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.0125 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.7608 0 TD
[(<)-260.8(.001,)-260.9(and)-260.8(with)-260.8(witnessing)]TJ
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 112.2585 590.5001 Tm
(BULLYING AND HAZING AMONG NORWEGIAN ARMY SOLDIERS)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 370.8796 590.5001 Tm
(21)Tj
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9.9999 0 0 9.9999 61.9999 560.0001 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(The)-180(reasoning)-180.1(underlying)-180.1(the)-179.9(two)-180(studies)-180(presented)-180(here)-180(follows)-180(the)-179.9(trend)-180(away)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(from)-218.4(personality)-218.5(theory)-218.4(and)-218.3(clinical)-218.4(explanations)-218.5(and)-218.3(toward)-218.4(social)-218.4(cognitive)-218.4(the)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1996 TD
[(ory)-412.4(\(Arora,)-412.6(1996;)-412.5(Madsen,)-412.5(1996;)-412.5(Maines)-412.5(&)-412.4(Robinson,)-412.6(1998;)-412.5(Schuster,)-412.6(1996;)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(Sutton,)-254(Smith,)-254(&)-253.9(Swettenham,)-254.1(1999\).)-254(Social)-254(contexts)-254(and)-253.9(cognitions,)-254.1(unlike)-253.9(per)]TJ
32.0668 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1997 TD
[(sonality)-520.8(traits,)-520.8(can)-520.7(be)-520.7(modified)-520.8(and)-520.7(entail)-520.7(no)-520.7(stigmatizing)-520.8(presumptions)-520.9(of)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(psychopathology.)-356.3(In)-356(addition,)-356.1(effective)-356.1(interventions)-356.2(by)-356(administrators)-356.2(will)-356(re)]TJ
32.0668 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1997 TD
[(quire)-218.4(information)-218.5(about)-218.4(the)-218.4(contexts)-218.5(and)-218.4(cognitions)-218.5(of)-218.4(bullying)-218.5(and)-218.4(hazing)-218.4(within)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(their)-216.2(specific)-216.3(organizations.)-216.4(The)-216.2(traditional)-216.3(readiness)-216.3(to)-216.2(see)-216.2(the)-216.2(causes)-216.2(of)-216.2(bullying)]TJ
T*
[(in)-212(the)-212(personality)-212.2(dynamics)-212.1(of)-212(victims)-212.1(and)-212(bullies)-212.1(is,)-212(itself,)-212.1(an)-212(instance)-212.1(of)-212(a)-212(bias)-212(in)]TJ
T*
[(social)-248.7(cognition)-248.8(known)-248.8(as)-248.7(the)-248.7(Fundamental)-248.9(Error)-248.8(of)-248.7(Attribution)-248.9(\(FEA;)-248.8(Ichheiser,)]TJ
T*
[(1949;)-193.5(Ross,)-193.5(1977\).)-193.5(FEA)-193.5(is)-193.4(the)-193.4(tendency)-193.5(to)-193.4(underestimate)-193.6(the)-193.4(importance)-193.5(of)-193.4(the)-193.4(sit)]TJ
32.067 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1998 TD
[(uation)-299.6(when)-299.6(explaining)-299.7(behavior)-299.7(and)-299.6(to)-299.5(overestimate)-299.7(the)-299.6(importance)-299.7(of)-299.6(the)-299.6(per)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1998 TD
[(sonality)-306.8(traits)-306.8(and)-306.8(motivations)-306.9(of)-306.8(the)-306.8(participants.)-306.9(This)-306.8(bias)-306.8(in)-306.7(social)-306.8(perception)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(presumably)-348.8(distorts)-348.7(the)-348.6(thinking)-348.7(of)-348.6(bullies,)-348.7(victims,)-348.7(bystanders,)-348.8(administrators,)]TJ
T*
[(and)-202.8(researchers.)-202.9(For)-202.8(this)-202.8(reason,)-202.9(these)-202.8(two)-202.8(studies)-202.8(focus)-202.8(explicitly)-202.8(on)-202.8(the)-202.8(physical,)]TJ
T*
(social, and cognitive contexts of bullying and hazing.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
14.0886 -3.6004 TD
(STUDY 1)Tj
-14.0886 -2.4 TD
(Purpose)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
T*
[(The)-484.8(first)-484.8(study)-484.9(was)-484.8(a)-484.8(phenomenological)-485.1(exploration)-484.9(of)-484.8(bullying)-484.9(and)-484.8(hazing)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(among)-272.2(soldiers)-272.3(in)-272.2(the)-272.2(Norwegian)-272.4(Army.)-272.3(To)-272.2(be)-272.2(as)-272.2(objectively)-272.3(descriptive)-272.3(as)-272.2(pos-)]TJ
T*
[(sible,)-281.7(this)-281.7(study)-281.7(surveyed)-281.8(the)-281.6(soldiers)-281.6(own)-281.7(perceptions)-281.8(and)-281.7(explanations)-281.8(of)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
30.7891 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
(bul-)Tj
-30.7891 -1.2 TD
0 Tc
(lying)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
2.6325 0 TD
(and)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
2.0765 0 TD
(hazing,)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.5496 0 TD
[(according)-632.7(to)-632.5(their)-632.6(own)-632.6(use)-632.5(of)-632.6(these)-632.6(terms.)-632.6(Following)]TJ
-8.2586 -1.2 TD
[(Norwegian)-262.2(practice,)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
8.382 0 TD
(soldiers)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.429 0 TD
[(refers)-262.1(only)-262(to)-262(privates;)-262.1(others)-262.1(with)-262(any)-262(rank)-262(will)-262(be)]TJ
-11.811 -1.2 TD
[(referred)-425.2(to)-425(as)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
6.0502 0 TD
(officers.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
-6.0502 -3.6 TD
(Method)Tj
9.9999 0 2.1255 9.9999 61.9999 175.9992 Tm
(Instrument.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 124.0206 175.9992 Tm
[(The)-417.5(one-page)-417.6(research)-417.6(questionnaire,)-417.7(written)-417.6(in)-417.5(Norwegian,)]TJ
-7.4021 -1.2 TD
[(first)-189.5(inquired)-189.5(about)-189.5(duration)-189.5(of)-189.4(service,)-189.5(type)-189.4(of)-189.4(military)-189.5(unit,)-189.5(gender,)-189.5(age,)-189.4(and)-189.4(cate)]TJ
32.067 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.2003 TD
[(gory)-221.3(of)-221.3(service.)-221.3(If)-221.3(soldiers)-221.3(had)-221.3(witnessed)-221.4(bullying)-221.3(or)-221.3(had)-221.2(been)-221.3(victims)-221.3(of)-221.3(bullying)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(themselves,)-231.5(they)-231.4(were)-231.4(asked)-231.4(to)-231.4(choose)-231.5(among)-231.5(five)-231.4(types)-231.4(of)-231.4(relationships)-231.6(between)]TJ
T*
[(the)-181.6(bully)-181.6(and)-181.6(the)-181.6(victim)-181.6(and)-181.6(among)-181.7(six)-181.6(locations)-181.7(where)-181.7(it)-181.6(happened.)-181.7(The)-181.6(victims)-181.6(of)]TJ
T*
[(bullying)-164.4(were)-164.3(also)-164.3(asked)-164.3(to)-164.3(report)-164.4(whether)-164.4(it)-164.3(occurred)-164.4(early)-164.3(or)-164.3(late)-164.3(in)-164.3(their)-164.3(course)-164.4(of)]TJ
T*
[(service)-286.4(and)-286.4(whether)-286.5(the)-286.3(bullies)-286.4(had)-286.4(been)-286.4(their)-286.4(barrack)-286.4(mates.)-286.4(Soldiers)-286.5(were)-286.4(also)]TJ
T*
[(asked)-294.6(if)-294.5(they)-294.5(had)-294.5(been)-294.5(bullied)-294.6(earlier)-294.6(in)-294.5(life,)-294.6(if)-294.5(they)-294.5(had)-294.5(a)-294.5(friend)-294.6(during)-294.6(the)-294.5(first)]TJ
T*
[(month)-163.9(of)-163.8(their)-163.8(service,)-163.9(with)-163.8(whom)-163.9(they)-163.8(spent)-163.9(their)-163.8(leisure)-163.9(time,)-163.9(and)-163.8(if)-163.8(they)-163.8(believed)]TJ
T*
[(that)-166(most)-166.1(soldiers)-166.1(haze)-166(new)-166(recruits.)-166.1(Four)-166.1(spaces)-166.1(were)-166.1(provided)-166.1(for)-166.1(open-ended)-166.2(de)]TJ
32.067 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
-32.067 52.2501 TD
(20)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 77.1202 590.5001 Tm
(STVIK AND RUDMIN)Tj
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9.9999 0 0 9.9999 58 559.9998 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS2 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(viduals)-255.8(against)-255.7(isolated)-255.7(individuals;)-255.8(\(b\))-255.7(thus,)-255.7(hazing)-255.7(tends)-255.7(to)-255.7(be)-255.7(a)-255.6(public)-255.7(activity,)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(whereas)-299.7(bullying)-299.7(tends)-299.6(to)-299.5(be)-299.6(a)-299.5(private)-299.6(activity;)-299.6(\(c\))-299.6(newcomers)-299.7(and)-299.6(subordinates)]TJ
T*
[(can)-221.5(never)-221.6(haze)-221.5(seniors)-221.6(and)-221.5(superiors,)-221.7(but)-221.5(they)-221.5(can)-221.5(bully)-221.6(them;)-221.6(\(d\))-221.6(hazing)-221.6(is)-221.5(ritual)]TJ
32.067 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1997 TD
[(istic)-251.3(with)-251.3(little)-251.3(change)-251.4(year)-251.3(after)-251.4(year,)-251.4(whereas)-251.4(bullying)-251.4(is)-251.3(not)-251.3(so)-251.3(constrained)-251.5(and)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(can)-191.9(be)-191.9(quite)-191.9(original)-192(in)-191.9(its)-191.9(methods;)-192(\(e\))-191.9(hazing)-192(will)-191.9(terminate)-192(at)-191.9(the)-191.9(end)-191.9(of)-191.9(the)-191.9(initi)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1997 TD
[(ation)-214.7(period,)-214.8(whereas)-214.8(bullying)-214.8(continues)-214.8(indefinitely;)-214.8(\(f\))-214.7(hazing)-214.7(eventually)-214.8(brings)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(the)-226.3(victims)-226.4(into)-226.3(group)-226.4(solidarity)-226.4(with)-226.3(their)-226.3(tormentors,)-226.5(whereas)-226.4(bullying)-226.4(excludes)]TJ
T*
[(the)-203.5(victim)-203.5(from)-203.6(group)-203.6(solidarity;)-203.6(and)-203.5(\(g\))-203.6(hazing)-203.6(may)-203.5(be)-203.5(used)-203.5(by)-203.5(organizations)-203.7(as)-203.5(a)]TJ
T*
[(means)-221.3(of)-221.3(socializing)-221.3(newcomers)-221.4(and)-221.3(enhancing)-221.4(collective)-221.3(morale,)-221.3(whereas)-221.3(bully)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1998 TD
[(ing)-242.3(threatens)-242.4(organizations)-242.5(because)-242.3(it)-242.2(damages)-242.4(collective)-242.3(morale)-242.3(and)-242.3(is)-242.3(a)-242.2(form)-242.3(of)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(insubordination)-293.2(that)-292.9(competes)-293(with)-293(legitimate)-293(lines)-292.9(of)-292.9(authority.)-293.1(If)-292.9(bullying)-293(was)]TJ
T*
[(used)-253.6(by)-253.6(administrators)-253.8(as)-253.6(a)-253.6(means)-253.7(of)-253.6(controlling)-253.8(a)-253.6(populationfor)-253.9(example,)-253.7(in)-253.6(a)]TJ
T*
[(prison)-296(or)-295.9(an)-295.9(occupied)-296(territorythen)-296.1(bullying)-296(would)-296(have)-295.9(been)-295.9(sublimated)-296(into)]TJ
T*
(instrumental aggression.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(It)-185(is)-185(natural)-185.1(that)-185(military)-185.1(organizations,)-185.2(as)-185(social)-185(institutions,)-185.2(would)-185.1(also)-185(experi)]TJ
30.8668 -0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1999 TD
[(ence)-182.9(hazing)-182.9(and)-182.9(bullying.)-183(These)-182.9(behaviors)-183(in)-182.8(the)-182.9(military)-182.9(should)-182.9(be)-182.8(of)-182.9(serious)-182.9(con-)]TJ
T*
[(cern)-618.5(because)-618.5(young)-618.5(men)-618.4(are)-618.4(isolated)-618.5(from)-618.5(moderating)-618.6(social)-618.5(norms)-618.5(and)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(institutions,)-223.9(are)-223.8(being)-223.8(trained)-223.8(for)-223.8(violence,)-223.9(and)-223.8(have)-223.8(access)-223.8(to)-223.7(weapons)-223.9(and)-223.8(heavy)]TJ
T*
[(equipment.)-294.6(Further)-294.6(aggravating)-294.6(the)-294.5(soldiers)-294.4(situation,)-294.6(they)-294.5(are)-294.5(not)-294.5(free)-294.5(to)-294.4(leave)]TJ
T*
[(the)-227.9(organization)-228(if)-227.9(they)-227.9(feel)-227.9(abused.)-228(In)-227.9(fact,)-227.9(serious)-228(incidents)-228(of)-227.9(hazing)-227.9(and)-227.9(bully-)]TJ
T*
[(ing,)-410.6(sometimes)-410.7(resulting)-410.7(in)-410.5(death)-410.6(or)-410.6(suicide,)-410.7(have)-410.6(been)-410.6(reported)-410.7(from)-410.6(armies)]TJ
T*
[(around)-595.5(the)-595.4(world)-595.5(\(Bivens,)-595.5(1995;)-595.5(Cermak,)-595.5(1992/1997;)-595.6(Cvrcek,)-595.5(1992/1997;)]TJ
T*
[(Dyomin,)-220.9(1998;)-220.8(Fisher,)-220.8(1995;)-220.8(Hytten)-220.8(&)-220.7(Tande,)-220.8(1985;)-220.8(Lenny,)-220.8(1949;)-220.8(McCoy,)-220.8(1995;)]TJ
T*
[(Sodownik)-246.3(&)-246.1(Fok,)-246.2(1997;)-246.2(Walsh,)-246.2(1998;)-246.2(Wilcox,)-246.2(1997\).)-246.2(In)-246.1(volunteer)-246.2(armies,)-246.2(bully-)]TJ
T*
[(ing)-266.7(has)-266.7(been)-266.7(shown)-266.7(to)-266.6(make)-266.7(recruitment)-266.8(and)-266.7(reenlistment)-266.8(more)-266.7(difficult)-266.8(\(Walsh,)]TJ
T*
[(1997\).)-299.7(In)-299.6(the)-299.6(conscription)-299.7(armies)-299.6(of)-299.6(liberal)-299.6(democratic)-299.7(nations)-299.6(such)-299.6(as)-299.5(Norway,)]TJ
T*
[(bullying)-227.4(is)-227.3(a)-227.3(form)-227.4(of)-227.3(unjust)-227.4(punishment)-227.5(because)-227.4(victims)-227.4(are)-227.3(coerced)-227.4(by)-227.3(law)-227.3(into)-227.3(a)]TJ
T*
(situation of being bullied.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Despite)-253.5(the)-253.5(expectation)-253.6(and)-253.5(the)-253.5(evidence)-253.5(that)-253.5(military)-253.5(units,)-253.5(like)-253.5(other)-253.5(organi)]TJ
30.8668 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2002 TD
[(zations,)-215.1(have)-215(problems)-215.1(with)-215(bullying)-215.1(and)-215(hazing,)-215.1(there)-215(have)-215(been)-215(few,)-215.1(if)-215(any,)-215.1(sys)]TJ
32.0668 0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2002 TD
[(tematic)-175.9(social)-175.9(science)-175.9(studies)-175.9(of)-175.9(this)-175.9(reported)-176(in)-175.8(the)-175.9(mainstream)-176(research)-175.9(literature.)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(This)-341(lack)-340.9(of)-341(research)-341(is)-340.9(surprising,)-341.1(given)-341(that)-341(the)-340.9(United)-341(States)-341(and)-341(the)-340.9(United)]TJ
T*
[(Kingdom)-276.5(overwhelmingly)-276.6(dominate)-276.4(the)-276.3(social)-276.4(science)-276.4(fields,)-276.4(and)-276.4(both)-276.4(countries)]TJ
T*
[(have)-193.5(large)-193.6(standing)-193.6(armies)-193.6(that)-193.5(are)-193.5(publicly)-193.6(accountable.)-193.7(It)-193.5(is)-193.5(also)-193.5(surprising)-193.7(given)]TJ
T*
[(that)-332.1(the)-332.1(Scandinavian)-332.3(countries)-332.2(have)-332.2(liberal,)-332.2(egalitarian)-332.2(traditions)-332.2(of)-332.1(enhancing)]TJ
T*
[(human)-334.7(welfare)-334.7(and)-334.7(are)-334.7(leaders)-334.7(in)-334.6(research)-334.7(on)-334.7(bullying)-334.8(in)-334.6(the)-334.7(school)-334.7(and)-334.7(in)-334.6(the)]TJ
T*
[(workplace;)-292(yet,)-291.9(these)-291.8(countries)-291.9(also)-291.8(conscript)-291.9(their)-291.9(young)-291.9(men)-291.8(into)-291.8(military)-291.9(ser)]TJ
32.0668 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.2003 TD
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0 -1.2 TD
[(to)-189.1(establish)-189.2(a)-189.1(social)-189.1(science)-189.1(literature)-189.2(on)-189.1(this)-189.1(topic)-189.1(by)-189.1(studying)-189.2(bullying)-189.2(and)-189.1(hazing)]TJ
T*
[(on)-284.3(one)-284.3(army)-284.3(base)-284.3(in)-284.3(Norway.)-284.5(Our)-284.3(hope)-284.3(is)-284.3(that)-284.3(this)-284.3(study)-284.3(will)-284.3(inspire)-284.4(other)-284.3(stud)]TJ
32.0669 0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2004 TD
[(iesas)-432.5(replications,)-432.6(extensions,)-432.5(or)-432.4(critiqueswithin)-432.6(other)-432.4(national)-432.5(armies)-432.4(or)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
(comparatively across several national armies.)Tj
7.9998 0 0 7.9998 112.2585 590.5001 Tm
(BULLYING AND HAZING AMONG NORWEGIAN ARMY SOLDIERS)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.9999 0 0 9.9999 370.8796 590.5001 Tm
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32.067 -0.0004 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1996 TD
[(rassment)-177.5(must)-177.5(be)-177.4(repeated)-177.5(over)-177.5(an)-177.4(extended)-177.5(period)-177.5(of)-177.4(time)-177.4(\(Olweus,)-177.6(1992\).)-177.5(Unlike)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(other)-206.9(forms)-206.9(of)-206.8(interpersonal)-207(conflict)-206.9(within)-206.9(social)-206.8(institutions,)-207(bullying,)-206.9(by)-206.8(defini)]TJ
32.0669 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.1997 TD
[(tion,)-352.3(is)-352.2(not)-352.2(instrumental)-352.4(aggression.)-352.4(Bullies)-352.2(have)-352.2(no)-352.2(specific)-352.3(objectives)-352.3(that,)-352.2(if)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(achieved,)-167.9(would)-167.9(end)-167.8(the)-167.8(aggression.)-168(Also,)-167.9(by)-167.8(definition,)-168(bullying)-167.9(is)-167.8(not)-167.9(random)-167.9(ag)]TJ
32.0668 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1997 TD
[(gression)-232.9(because)-232.8(it)-232.7(is)-232.8(directed)-232.8(at)-232.8(specific)-232.8(target)-232.8(victims.)-232.9(Thus,)-232.9(bullying)-232.9(is)-232.8(deliber)]TJ
32.067 -0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1997 TD
(ate, directed behavior, but it is not goal directed in the usual sense.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Most)-200.3(research)-200.4(on)-200.3(bullying,)-200.4(beginning)-200.4(with)-200.3(Burks)-200.3(\(1897\))-200.4(study,)-200.4(has)-200.3(focused)-200.4(on)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(its)-233.1(moral)-233.2(and)-233.2(developmental)-233.3(implications)-233.3(for)-233.2(schoolchildren,)-233.4(especially)-233.2(in)-233.1(societ)]TJ
32.067 -0.0002 TD
(-)Tj
-32.067 -1.1998 TD
[(ies)-228.5(in)-228.5(which)-228.6(bullying)-228.6(affronts)-228.7(egalitarian)-228.6(principles)-228.7(of)-228.6(individual)-228.7(rights)-228.6(and)-228.6(social)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(justice,)-273.9(for)-273.9(example,)-273.9(in)-273.8(Scandinavia)-274(\(Batsche)-273.9(&)-273.8(Knoff,)-274(1994;)-273.9(Heinemann,)-274(1973;)]TJ
T*
[(Olweus,)-334.2(1973;)-334.2(Rigby)-334.1(&)-334.1(Slee,)-334.1(1993;)-334.2(Rivers)-334.2(&)-334.1(Smith,)-334.2(1994;)-334.2(Roland)-334.1(&)-334.1(Munthe,)]TJ
T*
[(1989;)-198(Siann,)-198(Callaghan,)-198(Glissov,)-198(Lockhart,)-198.1(&)-197.9(Rawson,)-198(1994;)-198(Slee,)-198(1994;)-198(Smith)-198(&)]TJ
T*
[(Sharp,)-329.6(1994\).)-329.6(Many)-329.5(studies)-329.6(have)-329.5(sought)-329.6(to)-329.5(describe)-329.6(personality)-329.6(differences)-329.7(be)]TJ
32.0668 -0.0001 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0668 -1.1999 TD
[(tween)-315.4(victims)-315.4(and)-315.3(bullies,)-315.4(including)-315.4(differences)-315.5(in)-315.3(their)-315.4(relationships)-315.5(with)-315.4(their)]TJ
0 -1.2 TD
[(parents)-176.2(\(Bowers,)-176.3(Smith,)-176.2(&)-176.1(Binney,)-176.2(1994;)-176.2(Olweus,)-176.2(1992;)-176.2(Strassberg,)-176.3(Dodge,)-176.2(Pettit,)]TJ
T*
(& Bates, 1994\).)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(However,)-240.6(bullying)-240.6(also)-240.5(happens)-240.6(among)-240.5(adults.)-240.5(Bullying)-240.6(not)-240.5(only)-240.5(hurts)-240.5(its)-240.4(vic-)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
[(tims,)-420.5(but)-420.5(it)-420.4(also)-420.5(hurts)-420.5(the)-420.5(coherence)-420.6(and)-420.5(productivity)-420.6(of)-420.5(organizations.)-420.7(Some)]TJ
T*
[(self-report)-193.9(studies)-193.8(have)-193.8(found)-193.8(1-year)-193.8(prevalence)-193.9(rates)-193.8(of)-193.8(bullying)-193.8(in)-193.7(the)-193.7(workplace)]TJ
T*
[(to)-247.2(be)-247.2(50%)-247.3(and)-247.3(higher)-247.3(\(Quine,)-247.4(1999;)-247.3(Rayner,)-247.4(1997\).)-247.4(Part)-247.3(of)-247.3(the)-247.3(cost)-247.3(of)-247.3(bullying)-247.4(is)]TJ
T*
[(increased)-415.1(illness)-415.1(\(Einarsen,)-415.2(Raknes,)-415.1(Matthiesen,)-415.2(&)-415(Hellesoy,)-415.1(1996;)-415.1(Williams,)]TJ
T*
[(Chambers,)-267.3(Logan,)-267.2(&)-267.1(Robinson,)-267.3(1996\),)-267.3(especially)-267.2(stress-related)-267.3(illnesses)-267.2(like)-267.1(de-)]TJ
T*
[(pression)-223.7(and)-223.6(anxiety)-223.7(\(Quine,)-223.8(1999\).)-223.7(Bullying)-223.7(among)-223.7(adults)-223.7(in)-223.6(work)-223.7(organizations)]TJ
T*
[(has)-180.5(become)-180.6(a)-180.5(topic)-180.5(of)-180.5(interest)-180.6(both)-180.5(for)-180.5(public)-180.6(media)-180.5(and)-180.5(for)-180.5(psychological)-180.7(research)]TJ
T*
[(\(Ashforth,)-265.6(1994;)-265.5(Einarsen,)-265.6(1996;)-265.5(Leymann,)-265.6(1987;)-265.5(Rayner)-265.5(&)-265.4(Hoel,)-265.5(1997\).)-265.5(Terms)]TJ
T*
[(other)-313.4(than)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
4.4037 0 TD
(bullying)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.5913 0 TD
[(have)-313.4(been)-313.4(used,)-313.4(including)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
10.8903 0 TD
[(scapegoating,)-313.6(workplace)-313.4(trauma,)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
-18.8853 -1.2 TD
(and)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.7132 0 TD
(mobbing.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
4.0193 0 TD
[(Various)-269.4(definitions)-269.4(have)-269.3(been)-269.3(proposedusually)-269.6(emphasizing)-269.4(the)]TJ
-5.7326 -1.2 TD
[(continuity)-181.5(of)-181.4(harassment)-181.6(over)-181.5(time)-181.4(and)-181.4(the)-181.4(imbalance)-181.5(in)-181.4(power)-181.5(between)-181.5(the)-181.4(bullies)]TJ
T*
[(and)-259.9(the)-259.9(victims)-260(\(Adams,)-260.1(1992;)-260(Leymann,)-260.1(1990\).)-260(Most)-260(research)-260(has)-259.9(descriptively)]TJ
T*
(documented bullying and its consequences.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
[(Hazing)-282.2(is)-282.1(another)-282.2(form)-282.2(of)-282.1(interpersonal)-282.3(aggression)-282.3(endemic)-282.2(to)-282.1(organizations;)]TJ
-1.2 -1.2 TD
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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32.0669 0.0003 TD
(-)Tj
-32.0669 -1.2003 TD
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T*
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T*
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T*
[(of)-253.2(newcomers)-253.4(to)-253.2(the)-253.2(group,)-253.3(whereas)-253.3(bullying)-253.3(is)-253.2(harassment)-253.4(by)-253.2(one)-253.2(or)-253.2(a)-253.2(few)-253.2(indi)]TJ
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(-)Tj
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(18)Tj
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(N)Tj
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T*
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(-)Tj
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(MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY, 2001,)Tj
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(13)Tj
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[(\(1\),)-250.1(1739)]TJ
-15.8603 -1.125 TD
(Copyright 2001, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.)Tj
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[(Sandnessjen Hospital, Sandnessjen, Norway)-500(N8801.)]TJ
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